PHD DISSERTATION Sustainable Environmental ... - KOBV

1 PHD DISSERTATION Sustainable Environmental Management in the Niger Delta Region of nigeria : Effects of Hydrocarbon Pollution on Local Economy A thesis approved by the Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Process Engineering at the Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the academic degree of PhD (Doctor of Philosophy) in Environmental and Resource Management by Ugochukwu, Collins Norberth Chinedu ( , ) born in Nguru Aboh Mbaise, Imo State, nigeria . Supervisors: Prof. Dr. rer. nat. J rgen Ertel, BTU Cottbus - Germany Prof. Dr. Michael Schmidt, BTU Cottbus - Germany Date of Oral Examination: 29th September, 2008 DOKTORARBEIT Nachhaltiges Umweltmanagement in der Region des Niger Delta in nigeria : Auswirkungen der Verunreinigung durch Kohlenwasserstoffe auf die rtliche Wirtschaft Von der Fakult t f r Umweltwissenschaften und Verfahrenstechnik der Brandenburgischen Technischen Universit t Cottbus zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades PhD Degree genehmigte DISSERTATION vorgelegt von Ugochukwu, Collins Norberth Chinedu ( , ) aus Nguru Aboh Mbaise, Imo State, nigeria .

2 Gutachter: Prof. Dr. rer. nat. J rgen Ertel, BTU Cottbus, Germany Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Michael Schmidt, BTU Cottbus, Germany Tag der m ndlichen Pr fung: 29th September, 2008 ii DECLARATION I hereby declare that this DISSERTATION is the result of my original research work carried out at the Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus, Germany within the framework of the International PhD (Doctor of Philosophy) program in Environmental and Resource Management. Professor J rgen Ertel, Head Chair of Industrial Sustainability of the Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus, has been the main Supervisor of this research. Professor Michael Schmidt, Head Chair of Environmental Planning of the Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus, Germany, acted as co-supervisor.

3 I hereby admit that this DISSERTATION has never been submitted in whole or in part for a degree at Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus, or elsewhere. References to other people s research have been duly cited and acknowledged in this research work accordingly. ---------------------------------------- --------------------- Ugochukwu Collins Norberth Chinedu Ugochukwu Collins, 2008 iiiDEDICATION This research work is dedicated to: God Almighty who led me throughout my stay in Germany May your name be glorified now and forever, Amen. My beloved wife - Mrs. Onyekachi Evangeline Ugochukwu and our unborn children. Ugochukwu Collins, 2008 iv TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS.

4 Iv viii LIST OF FIGURES ..ix LIST OF TABLES .. x ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ..XI SUMMARY ..xiii xv Chapter One .. 1 The Framework of the Study .. 1 Statement of the Aims and Objectives of this Research ..2 Study Expectations ..2 Methodological Approach Used in the Study ..3 Problems Encountered during Data The Outline of the DISSERTATION ..5 General Literature Review ..6 Chapter 9 A Brief Description of nigeria and Demography of the Study Area (Niger Delta Region) ..9 A Brief Overview about the Federal Republic of nigeria ..9 Economic Overview .. 10 The Discovery of Oil in 11 Oil Exploration and 13 Oil and Gas Reserves in Nigerian Niger Delta .. 14 Recent Developments in the Oil Industry in nigeria .. 14 Production 15 Oil and the Nigerian 17 An Assessment of the Present State of the Nigerian Environment.

5 19 Demography of the Study Area (Niger Delta region) .. 23 Description of Study 23 The Niger Delta Region of nigeria and its Characteristic Features .. 27 The Ecological Zones of the Niger Delta .. 29 Biological 31 The Hydrology and Geology of the Niger 35 Chapter Three .. 37 Environmental Sustainability and Sustainable Development Issues in the Niger Delta Region of nigeria .. 37 Introduction .. 37 Environmental Sustainability Issues in nigeria .. 38 The Concept of Sustainable 40 Important Milestones in Sustainable Achieving Sustainable Development in nigeria .. 45 Some Indicators of Sustainable Development in a Country .. 48 Development & Economic Growth .. 49 Economic 50 The Concept of Corporate Social Responsibility .. 53 World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD).

6 54 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD).. 56 Ugochukwu Collins, 2008 v Dow Jones Sustainability Indexes (DJSGI) .. 58 Corporate Social Responsibility and the Oil Companies Operating in the Niger Delta Region of nigeria .. 59 The Implementation of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) in 60 nigeria s Partnership with UNDP in Achieving the MDGs .. 62 nigeria and Meeting the 62 Progress on the Implementation of Millennium Development Goals (MDG s) in nigeria .. 63 National Economic Empowerment and Development Strategy (NEEDS).. 65 The Performance of NEEDS in Promoting Environmental Sustainability in 66 The Niger Delta Development Commission (NDDC) .. 67 Funding of the Commission .. 68 Policy Implications of the Various Programs .. 69 Chapter Four.

7 71 Environmental Degradation in the Niger Delta Region of nigeria .. 71 Introduction .. 71 Results and Discussion .. 73 International Oil Companies in 73 Joint Ventures Agreements .. 74 Oil Spill Incidents in the Niger Delta Region .. 75 Gas flaring in the Niger Delta Region .. 80 Environmental and Health Impacts of Gas flaring in 82 The Cost of Gas flaring in the Niger Delta .. 85 Stopping Gas flaring in 85 Impact of Oil Operations on the Niger Delta Environment and its People .. 87 Environmental Degradation through Water Pollution in nigeria .. 87 What Do the Regulations Say about Oil Spillage and Gas flaring in nigeria ?.. 89 Legislations Governing Gas flaring in 89 The Legal Frameworks for Oil Exploration and Environmental Decision Making in nigeria .. 90 The Laws Governing Oil Exploration and Exploitation in nigeria .

8 90 Oil Pollution Act (OPA) of 1990 .. 92 National Oil Spill Detection and Response Agency (NOSDRA) .. 92 Recommendations and Conclusion .. 92 Chapter Five .. 95 The Local Economy of the Niger Delta Region and its Economic Sustainability Potentials .. 95 Introduction .. 95 Results and 97 The Main Sources of Income for the Niger Delta 97 The Human Development Index (HDI) the Nigerian 99 Human Poverty in nigeria : Focusing on the Most Deprived in Multiple Dimensions of 102 Poverty in the Niger Delta Region .. 104 The Perception of Poverty by the People of Niger Delta Region .. 105 The Revenue Base of Human Development in the Niger Delta Region .. 107 Recommendations and 109 Poverty Eradication Programs Aimed at Economic Sustainability of nigeria .. 109 The Link between Poverty and the Environment.

9 110 Chapter Six .. 111 Ugochukwu Collins, 2008 vi Developmental Activities and Social Services in the Niger Delta 111 Introduction .. 111 Results and Discussion .. 112 Infrastructure and Social Services in the Niger Delta Region .. 112 Social Priorities in the Niger Delta 118 Constraints to an Environmental Development Strategy in the Niger Delta .. 119 Recommendations and Conclusion .. 121 Chapter Seven .. 123 Environmental Regulation and Enforcement Aimed at Achieving Environmental Sustainability in 123 Introduction .. 123 Literature Review .. 124 The Changing Face of Environmental Regulation .. 128 Command and Control in Environmental Regulation .. 129 Does Regulation Work? .. 130 The Environmental Regulatory Cycle .. 132 The Evolution of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) in 136 The State of the Art Application of Environmental Sustainability Tool in nigeria : Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Practice in nigeria .

10 139 Legal Provisions for EIA .. 140 Projects Subject to EIA .. 141 Administrative Arrangements for EIA in nigeria .. 144 The EIA Procedure .. 144 EIA Guidelines in nigeria for Environmental Sustainability .. 145 145 Scoping .. 146 Draft Final EIA Report and Review Process ..146 Final EIA Report .. 147 148 Environmental Assessment (EA) as a Tool for Sustainable 148 Project-based EA .. 148 Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) to Manage National Trade Activity. 149 Controversies Surrounding EIA Implementation in nigeria .. 151 Some Pitfalls Observed in Nigerian EIA 152 Lack of Public 153 Conclusion .. 153 Chapter Eight .. 155 Environmental Policy in nigeria : Environmental Standards, Compliance and Monitoring .. 155 Introduction .. 155 The Basis of Environmental Policy in nigeria .