PHILIPPINE RICE PRODUCTION - Pinoy Rice Knowledge Bank

1 13 PHILIPPINEPHILIPPINEPHILIPPINEPHILIPPINE PHILIPPINERICE PRODUCTIONRICE PRODUCTIONRICE PRODUCTIONRICE PRODUCTIONRICE PRODUCTIONTRAINING MANUALTRAINING MANUALTRAINING MANUALTRAINING MANUALTRAINING MANUALC opyright 2003 PHILIPPINE rice RESEARCH INSTITUTEM aligaya, Science City of Mu oz,3119 Nueva Ecija, Philippines45 FOREWORDT raining is a major mandate of PhilRice. This trainingmanual was developed to answer the need for coursewareto support our training activities. To date, the Institute,has trained thousands, consisting of rice specialists,extension workers, seedgrowers, farmer leaders, andother key players in the rice training manual is meant to serve as the bible inrice PRODUCTION . It contains the most recent and updatedinformation in rice science and technology.

2 With themanual as the reference, we hope to standardize thecontent of trainings conducted not only at the PhilRiceCentral Experiment Station (CES) but also thoseconducted at the branch stations, as well as the on-sitetrainings held at the regional and provincial the content taken cared of by this manual, we hopethat our trainers can be more innovative and cognitive-oriented in their approach to training. They will be able tofocus more on the whys and the principles behind therecommended practices, thus promoting betterunderstanding on the part of our this book is primarily intended for trainers andtrainees, it may also be useful to all others who areinterested to gain Knowledge about our country s mostimportant food crop. Furthermore, we hope that throughour training efforts, we will be able to make a significantdifference in the lives of our rice farmers.

3 Leocadio S. Sebastian Executive Director6 PREFACEThe PRODUCTION of this training manual is part of the Institute scontinuing effort to improve the conduct of our trainingprograms. One of the strategies chosen is to producecourseware that will support and standardize our trainingactivities. With the use of this manual as a guide, we hopethat the conduct of the training will be elevated to a higherlevel. The trainers will be able to focus more on the deliveryof their presentations. They can use more experiential andparticipatory approaches, hence they will be more effectivefacilitators of manual consists of 19 modules which cover the mostupdated cultural management information and practices ingrowing rice , from selection of varieties to post harvestpractices.

4 Other relevant information such as the situationeron the PHILIPPINE rice industry and the morphology of therice plant are given as background information. Similarly,the most recent information on released rice seed varieties,pesticides, and fertilizers which are deemed useful arelikewise module consists of an overview which introduces inbrief the topic and its relevance. The content of the moduleis presented through statement of behavioral objectivesfollowed by the key concepts and sentences that answereach objective. This gives the trainer or resource personthe freedom to present the lesson in a manner he or shedeems fit. Attempts were made to focus on the whys orthe principles behind the technology being methodology for handling the topics and thereferences consulted in the development of the module,which the users may refer to for further understanding andlearning are given at the end of each module.

5 It also containssample evaluation questions that the readers may answerto check their own learning. Enrichment activities such aspracticum, field visits, and other exercises to reinforcelearning are likewise this information is suggestive at its best. It should beunderstood that the trainer s treatment of the topics givenin each module would depend on the type of participants,their entry level, and the duration of the training program,among the PRODUCTION of this reference, we are indebted to manypeople and we would like to acknowledge them:Dr. Virginia Duldulao, who developed the training manual Let s Produce More rice , which was the forerunner of the subject matter specialists who wrote/revised thedifferent modules especially those who actively participatedin the series of in banc consultations when we had to revieweach other s outputs.

6 They conscientiously andpainstakingly pored over the modules and argued over theaccuracy of the contents making us realize how exactingagricultural science can be. They were: Annie Antonio,Cheryll Casiwan, Jovi de Dios, Willy Collado, EdenGagelonia, Hermie Rapusas, Rolly San Gabriel, DanteTabien, Artemio Vasallo, and Buddy N. Bibal, for the illustrations that gave this book life .Carlo G. Dacumos, for designing the cover this B. Lanuza, for his efforts in gathering and encodingthe data, layout of the book, and for providing additionalillustrations for this manual as it underwent T. Barroga, Teresa P. de Leon, and Ruben A. Miranda,for administrative and moral Edilberto D. Redo a for urging us to excel in everythingthat we do; Atty.

7 Ronilo A. Beronio, for his warm and Leocadio S. Sebastian, for giving me the opportunity towork with PhilRice while I am on sabbatical leave from theCentral Luzon State University; it has been a mostproductive and enjoyable to all others, who have contributed in one way or anotherto the successful completion of the project, our sincerestthanks. Soledad S. Mina-Roguel Project Coordinator and Editor9 CONTENTSCONTENTSCONTENTSCONTENTSCONTENTS MODULE 1: PHILIPPINE rice Situationer 15 MODULE 2: Morphology of the rice Plant 25 MODULE 3: Growth Stages of the rice Plant 38 MODULE 4: Choosing the Appropriate Variety 49 MODULE 5: Land Preparation 53 MODULE 6: Methods of Crop Establishment 60 MODULE 7: Irrigation and Water Management 69 MODULE 8: Integrated Nutrient Management 77 MODULE 9: IPM: Understanding IPM Concepts 93 MODULE 10: IPM: Integrated Insect Pest Management 101 MODULE 11: IPM: Role of Natural Enemies 111 MODULE 12: IPM: Major rice Diseases and Their Management 123 MODULE 13: IPM: Insect Pest and Disease Damage Assessment 139 MODULE 14: IPM: Integrated Weed Management 151 MODULE 15: IPM.

8 Integrated Rat Management 159 MODULE 16: IPM: Integrated Golden Apple Snail Management 166 MODULE 17: Agroecosystems Analysis 174 MODULE 18: Safe and Effective Use of Pesticides179 MODULE 19: Harvest and Postharvest Operations 188 APPENDICES 19710 LIST OF FIGURESLIST OF FIGURESLIST OF FIGURESLIST OF FIGURESLIST OF FIGURE in area, PRODUCTION , yield, consumption, 17and population, Philippines, 1970-2001(BAS*-PhilRice, 2002) rice area harvested by ecosytem, 17 Philippines, 1970-2001 (BAS-PhilRice, 2002) paddy PRODUCTION by ecosytem, 18 Philippines, 1970-2001 (BAS-PhilRice, 2002) average yield by ecosytem, 18 Philippines, 1970-2001 (BAS-PhilRice, 2002) rice PRODUCTION and consumption, 20 Philippines, 1970-2001 (BAS-PhilRice, 2002) PRODUCTION inflow and total use of 20rice, comparison of rice prices, 2001 of a rice grain of germination of rice seed of as a young rice seedling when 27germinated with light and in soil or rice tiller and its 3 vegetative parts types of roots of a rice tiller of a primary tiller and its secondary tiller of a leaf parts of a panicle of a spikelet male and female parts of a rice flower 10 growth stages of the rice plant rice seed rice seedling at tillering stage.

9 Formation of primary 42tillers, secondary tillers, and tertiary and long-duration elongation 43of the 3 stages under the ripening stage 4511 LIST OF FIGURESLIST OF FIGURESLIST OF FIGURESLIST OF FIGURESLIST OF FIGURE the seeds in a drum with clean water 61or preferably in running pallet promotes aeration 2-3 cm water depth to promote the fertilizer into the mud before 81final moth larva Leafhopper Planthopper (long winged) rat (Rattus spp.) cycle of rats trap barrier system (TBS) GAS male shell curves outward; the 166female adult snail curves cycle of GAS screen placed at water inlets prevent 170 GAS from transferring to other ducks into rice paddies help reduce 170 GAS threshing harvested palay dryer used by farmers area for palay 19312 LIST OF TABLESLIST OF TABLESLIST OF TABLESLIST OF TABLESLIST OF TABLES amount of nutrient removed by 79modern rice varieties for every ton ofgrain fertilizer nutrient calculator for basal 89or early to topdress when LCC is less 89than 415 THE PHILIPPINE rice SITUATIONO verviewOverviewOverviewOverviewOverviewT his module presents a situationer on trends in productionand hectarages for rice , demand for the commodity, imports andexports.

10 Requirement for national rice self-sufficiency and ricepricing is the most important and dominant commodity in thecountry. According to the international rural sociologist, Gelia , rice is life, politics , and economics to the Filipino. It issurvival and TObjectives and TObjectives and TObjectives and TObjectives and the importance of rice in the agriculture sector and in From 1990 to 2001, paddy contributed an average of 18% to GVA ofagriculture and 3% to rice is the staple food of 90% of our It accounts for 41% of total calorie intake and 31% of total rice carries the largest weight of a single commodity in the Con-sumer Price Index (CPI). Thus, rice prices are the best barometerfor inflation in the whole There are about million farmers in the country whose major sourceof income is rice The goal of every government administrator is self-sufficiency Describe the areas planted to rice in the rice is cultivated in million hectares (M ha), 25% of total In 2001, the total area planted to rice is estimated at M ha( M mt; lowland M mt; M mt).