Phrase Structure Phrase Structure Rules

1 1 PhrasesPhrases1. The Phrase1. The Noun Phrase (NP)2. The Adjective Phrase (AdjP) and Adverb Phrase (AdvP)2(AdvP)3. The Verb Phrase (VP)4. The Prepositional Phrase (PP)2. phrases in the Sentence3. Coordination of Phrases4. Finding Phrases5. Building TreesPhrase Structure A Phrase is a syntactic unit headed by a lexical category such as Noun, Adjective, Adverb, Verb, or ,, p phrases are named for their heads: NP VP AdjP AdvP PPPhrase Structure Rules .. are generative.. give different analyses of ttill bit4syntactically ambiguous sentences.. have a hierarchical Structure .. allow NP The new student from HungaryAdjP5 AdjP so beautiful AdvP quite happilyPhrases VP ate the cake sat in the yard seemed very quiet6seemed very quiet PP in the yard with glasses under the apple tree S They left. She bit her Structure Rulesare Generative Use a finite set of Rules and elements to produce an infinite set of grammatical sentences. ,7 NP (D) N (PP) PP P NP (PP) Routine, family, fishing The president, a member, the contenders Time with family, the University of Wisconsin, a budget for the State of WisconsinPhrase Structureand Ambiguity1.

2 The journalist interviewed the actor in a journalist journalist interviewed[NP the actor in a tuxedo].3. The journalist interviewed[NP the actor] [PP in a tuxedo].4. The journalist interviewed[NP the actor [PP in a tuxedo]]. Phrase Structure Rules are Hierarchical In (3), the VP interviewed the actor in a tuxedois ththf th PP9the mother of the PP in a tuxedo. The PP in a tuxedois the daughter of the VP interviewed the Structure Rules are Hierarchical In (4) the N actor in a tuxedois the mother of the PP in 10a tuxedo. The PP in a tuxedois the daughter of the N actor in a Structure Rules are Hierarchical In (3), the VP is interviewed the actor in a The V interviewed the actorand the PP in a tuxedoare Structure Rules are Hierarchical In (4), the NP is the actor in a The NP actorand the PP in a tuxedoare Structure Rules Allow Recursion NP (D) N (PP)()13 PP P NP (PP) Phrase Structure Rules Allow Recursion The frogs The frogs on the log14 The frogs on the bump on the log The frogs on the bump on the log in the pond The frogs on the bump on the log in the middle of the pondPhrase Structure Rules Allow Recursion The frogs The frogs [PP on the log]15 The frogs [PP on the bump [PP on the log]] The frogs [PP on the bump [PP on the log [PP in the pond]]] The frogs [PP on the bump [PP on the log [PP in the middle [PP of the pond]]]] Phrase Structure Rules Allow Recursion S NP VP VP V S The jury decided the16 The jury decided the defendant was for PhrasesThree Tests for Phrases1.

3 Pronominalization182. Coordination3. Movement4 Pronominalization1. Many people I know like nextdoor next-door neighbors keep an armadillo as a The other people on the street think that my next-door neighbors are But my next-door neighbors haven t told the other 20people on the street about the three-toed sloth asleep in their maple Many people I know like nextdoor neighbors keep [NP an armadillo] as a The other people on the street think that [NP my next-door neighbors] are But [NP my next-door neighbors] haven t told [NPthe 22[NP other people on the street] about [NP the three-toed sloth asleep in their maple tree].Three Tests for Phrases9 Pronominalization232. Coordination3. MovementCoordination Coordination is the process by which two words or phrases are connected by a conjunction24a conjunction. Conjunctions: FANBOYS For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So5 Coordinated Clauses I talked to the mechanic and I took a close look at the VPs I listened to him and kicked the NPs The car didn t have tail lights or windshield PPs The owner hadn t parked it in a garage but on the Is this coordination?]

4 The car was in such bad shape that I decided not to buy What s wrong with the coordination in this sentence? In my view Alaska pipeline is not going to30 In my view Alaska pipeline is not going to be a solution to the US shortage of oil, because of many things such as high costs, earthquake, and it takes a long time ..6 Ambiguous Coordination Old men and women31 Ambiguous Coordination Old men and women32 Ambiguous CoordinationNPNPNP33andADJNN oldmenwomenAmbiguous CoordinationNPADJN 34andNoldwomenNwomenThree Tests for Phrases9 Pronominalization359 Coordination3. MovementMovement367 Movement Passive movement Algernon was driving the Toyota Land The Toyota Land Cruiser The Toyota Land Cruiser was being driven The Toyota Land Cruiser was being driven by What are the noun phrases ? [NPAlgernon] was driving [NPthe Toyota Land Cruiser]38 Cruiser]. [NPThe Toyota Land Cruiser] [NPThe Toyota Land Cruiser] was being driven [NPThe Toyota Land Cruiser] was being drivenby [NPAlgernon].

5 Movement Use passive movement to identify the NPs in these The police arrested They charged him with Tawanda D. Lane will defend The judge might suspend Algernon s license for 12 What can you say about his chances?Movement Use passive movement to identify the NPs in these The policearrested Theycharged himwith Tawanda D. Lanewill defend The judgemight suspend Algernon s licensefor 12 What can yousay about his chances?Movement Particle shift She looked up [the word] in the looked [the word]upin the dictionary41 She looked [the word] upin the dictionary. She looked up [the word antecedent ] in the dictionary. She looked [the word antecedent ] up in the Particle shift Algernon s attorney straightened outthe charge of driving under the influence to42charge of driving under the influence to the judge s satisfaction. Algernon s attorney straightened [the charge of driving under the influence] outto the judge s satisfaction. 8 Movement Indirect object movement1.

6 I bought my wife a bunch of gave my son a new Pokemon gave my son a new Pokemon I sent my daughter the I bought a bunch of flowers for my I gave a new Pokemon game to my I sent the check to my Wh- movement1. I bought my wife a bunch of gave my son a new Pokemon gave my son a new Pokemon I sent my daughter the Who did you buy a bunch of flowers for?2. Whodid you give a new Pokemon game to?3. Whodid you send the check to?Wh- Movement1. Many people I know like My next-door neighbors keep an dillt45armadillo as a pet. Your next-door neighbors keep whatas a pet? Whatdo your next-door neighbors keep what as a pet? Movement3. The other people on the street think that my next-door neighbors are Who .. ? Who .. ? What ..?Wh- Movement4. But my next-door neighbors haven t told the other people on the street about the three-toed sloth asleep in their maple Who .. ? Who .. ? What .. ?Three Tests for Phrases9 Pronominalization489 Coordination9 Movement9 Summary1.

7 phrases and Trees2. Phrase Structure are generative (they allow recursion)49g(y).. resolve are hierarchical3. Three Tests for Phrases1. Pronominalization2. Coordination3. Movement