Physics data booklet

1 Physics data bookletFirst assessment 20164082 International Baccalaureate, Baccalaur at International and Bachillerato Internacional are registered trademarks of the International Baccalaureate June 2014 Revised edition published January 2016 Published on behalf of the International Baccalaureate Organization, a not-for-profit educational foundation of 15 Route des Morillons, 1218 Le Grand-Saconnex, Geneva, Switzerland by theInternational Baccalaureate Organization (UK) LtdPeterson House, Malthouse Avenue, Cardiff GateCardiff, Wales CF23 8 GLUnited KingdomWebsite: International Baccalaureate Organization 2014 The International Baccalaureate Organization (known as the IB) offers four high-quality and challenging educational programmes for a worldwide community of schools, aiming to create a better, more peaceful world. This publication is one of a range of materials produced to support these IB may use a variety of sources in its work and checks information to verify accuracy and authenticity, particularly when using community-based knowledge sources such as Wikipedia.

2 The IB respects the principles of intellectual property and makes strenuous efforts to identify and obtain permission before publication from rights holders of all copyright material used. The IB is grateful for permissions received for material used in this publication and will be pleased to correct any errors or omissions at the earliest rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the IB, or as expressly permitted by law or by the IB s own rules and policy. See B m e r c h a n d i s e a n d p u b l i c a t i o n s c a n b e p u r c h a s e d t h r o u g h t h e I B s t o r e a t : ProgrammePhysics data booklet ContentsFundamental constants ..1 Metric (SI) multipliers ..2 Unit circuit symbols ..3 Equations Core ..4 Equations data booklet Physics data booklet Fundamental constantsQuantitySymbolApproximate valueAcceleration of free fall (Earth s surface) Gravitational constantG667101122.

3 NmkgAvogadro s constantNA60210231. molGas Boltzmann s constantkB13810231. JKStefan Boltzmann constantV56710824. WmKCoulomb constantk89910922. NmCPermittivity of free spaceH0885101212. CNm2 Permeability of free space0P41071 TmASpeed of light in vacuumc3001081. msPlanck s constanth6631034. JsElementary chargee1601019. CElectron rest == kguMeVcProton rest == kguMeVcNeutron rest == kguMeVcUnified atomic mass = kgMeVcSolar constantS1361032. WmFermi radiusR01201015. mPhysics data booklet1 Metric (SI) multipliersPrefixAbbreviationValuepetaP1 015teraT1012gigaG109megaM106kilok 103hectoh102decada101decid10 1centic10 2millim10 3microP10 6nanon10 9picop10 12femtof10 15 Unit conversions1 radian (rad) 180 Temperature (K)temperature C= +()27319461015 light year (ly)m= .1326 parsec (pc)ly .1 astronomical unit (AU)m= kilowatt-hour (kWhJ).= hc= = data booklet2 electrical circuit symbolscellbatteryac supplyswitchvoltmeterVammeterAresistorva riable resistorlamppotentiometerlight-dependent resistor (LDR)thermistortransformerheating elementdiodecapacitorPhysics data booklet3 Equations CoreNote: All equations relate to the magnitude of the quantities only.

4 Vector notation has not been Uncertainties and errorsSub-topic Vectors and scalarsIf: y= abthen: y=+abIf: y abcthen: yy=++aabbccIf: y anthen: yy=naaAVAHATAAH=cos AAV=sin Sub-topic MotionSub-topic Forcesvuat=+sutat=+122vuas222=+svut=+()2 F maFf sRFf= dRSub-topic Work, energy and powerSub-topic Momentum and impulseWs=Fcos EmvK 122 Ekp=122 x Emghp=power Fvefficiencyuseful work outtotal work in useful power outtotal power inpmv F= ptEpmK 22impulse==Ftp Physics data booklet4 Sub-topic Thermal conceptsSub-topic Modelling a gasQmcT= QmL pFA nNN ApVnRT EkTRNTKBA 3232 Sub-topic OscillationsSub-topic Wave behaviourT 1fnnvv122121==sinsin sDd= Constructive interference: path difference =n Destructive interference: path difference =+ n12 Sub-topic Travelling wavesc=f Sub-topic Wave characteristicsIvA2Ix 2I=I02cosT Physics data booklet5 Sub-topic Electric fieldsSub-topic Heating effect of electric currentsI= qtKirchhoff s circuit laws: V=0(loop)Fkqqr 122 I=0(junction)014kH SRV IVWq PVRVR II22 EFq RRRtotal=++ nAvq11112 RRRtotal=++.

5 =RALSub-topic Electric cellsSub-topic Magnetic effects of electric currents =+I()RrFqvB=sin FBL=Isin Sub-topic Circular motionSub-topic Newton s law of gravitationvr= F GMmr2avrrT==2224 gFm Fmvrmr==22 gGMr 2 Physics data booklet6 Sub-topic Discrete energy and radioactivitySub-topic Nuclear reactionsEh f Emc=2 =hcESub-topic The structure of matterChargeQuarksBaryon number23euct13 13edsb13 All quarks have a strangeness number of 0 except the strange quark that has a strangeness number of 1 ChargeLeptons 1ePW0Qe All leptons have a lepton number of 1 and antileptons have a lepton number of 1 GravitationalWeakElectromagneticStrongPa rticles experiencingAllQuarks, leptonsChargedQuarks, gluonsParticles mediatingGravitonW,W,Z+ 0 JGluonsSub-topic Energy sourcesSub-topic Thermal energy transferpowerenergytime PeAT= 4power=123Av max.(metres)(kelvin)= 290103TI powerAalbedototal scattered powertotal incident power Physics data booklet7 Equations AHLSub-topic Simple harmonic motionSub-topic Single-slit diffraction =2 T =ba= 2xSub-topic Interferencexxxx==00sin;cos ttnd =sinvtvt== xx00cos;sinConstructive interference: 212dnm=+ v= ()xx022 Destructive interference: 2dnm= EmK= 122022 ()xxEmT=12202 xpendulum:Tg=2 lmass-spring:Tmk=2 Sub-topic ResolutionSub-topic Doppler effect = source: f=fvvusRmN== Moving observer: f=fvuvo ff= vcPhysics data booklet8 Sub-topic Describing fieldsSub-topic Fields at workWqV= eVGMrg= VkQre gVr= gEVr= eEmVGMmrpg== EqVkQqrpe FGMmrg 2 FkQqre 2 WmV= gvGMresc 2vGMrorbit Physics data booklet9 Sub-topic Electromagnetic inductionSub-topic Capacitance =BAcos CqV CCCparallel=++ ++.

6 CAd= ECV 122 =RCqqet= 0 II= 0et VVet= 0 = Nt =Bvl =BvlNSub-topic Power generation and transmissionIIrms 02 VVrms 02 RVV 00 IIrmsrmsPVmax I00PV 1200I pspssp==NNIISub-topic The interaction of matter with radiationSub-topic Nuclear physicsEh fRRA 013 Ehmax= f NNet= 0 EneV= 0mvrnh=2 sin DPrV()= 2 xph 4 Eth 4 Physics data booklet10 Equations OptionsSub-topic The beginnings of relativitySub-topic Lorentz transformations = xxvt = uuv = 1122vc = = xxxx ();()vtvt = = ttttvcvc xx22; = uuvuvc12 tt= 0LL=0 ()()()()ctct = 2222xxSub-topic Spacetime diagrams = tan1vcSub-topic Relativistic mechanics (HL only)Sub-topic General relativity (HL only)Emc= 02 Emc002 EmcK= () 102pmv= 0 Epcmc222024=+qVE= K ff=ghc2 RGMcs 22 ttRr= 01sPhysics data booklet11 Sub-topic Rigid bodies and rotational dynamicsSub-topic Thermodynamics =Frsin I= mr2 =I =2 f fi=+t fi222=+ =+itt122L=I EKrot=122I QUW=+ UnRT 32 SQT=pV53 constant (for monatomic gases)WpV= =useful work doneenergy input Carnotcoldhot= 1 TTSub-topic Fluids and fluid dynamics (HL only)Sub-topic Forced vibrations and resonance (HL only)BVg= ffQ=2 energy storedenergy dissipated per cyclePPgd=+0 fQ= 2 resonant frequencyenergy storedpower lossAv constant122 vgzp++=constantFrvD=6 Rvr= Physics data booklet12 Sub-topic Introduction to imagingSub-topic Imaging instrumentation111f=+vuP 1fmhhvu== ioM= ioMDMD near pointinfinity=+=ff1.

7 M ffoeSub-topic Fibre opticsnc 1sinattenuation 100logIISub-topic Medical imaging (HL only)LI 1010logIII=Ix0e x122=InZc= Sub-topic Stellar quantitiesSub-topic Stellar characteristics and stellar evolutiondp(parsec)(arc-second) 1 29103mKLAT= Sub-topic CosmologySub-topic Further cosmology (HL only)zvc= 0vGr=43 zRR= 01 c=382HG vHd 001TH| Physics data booklet13