PHYSICS FOR BEGINNERS - The Nature of Things

1 PHYSICS FOR BEGINNERS . A Novice's Guide to the Mysteries of the Universe by Matthew Raspanti Self-published books by Matthew Raspanti, available at : The Virtual Universe Philosophy, PHYSICS and the Nature of Things (1998). Virtualism, Mind and Reality An Approach to Untangle the Consciousness Problem (2008). Photo by danny sanchez photographer, Red Bank, NJ. 11/20/08. Matthew Raspanti CONTENTS. PREFACE. Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 1. Chapter 2 - HEAVENLY MOTIONS 4. Chapter 3 - LAWS OF MOTION 19. Chapter 4 - ENERGY 36.

2 Chapter 5 - ATOMS AND MOLECULES 40. Chapter 6 - PARTICLES IN MOTION 44. Chapter 7 - WAVES 48. Chapter 8 - LIGHT 52. Chapter 9 - ELECTROMAGNETISM 56. Chapter 10 - A PUZZLING INCONSISTENCY 67. Chapter 11 - THE ELUSIVE ETHER 71. Chapter 12 - SPECIAL RELATIVITY 75. Chapter 13 - GENERAL RELATIVITY 89. Chapter 14 - INSIDE THE ATOM 96. Chapter 15 - THE QUANTUM LEAP 102. Chapter 16 - QUANTUM MECHANICS 111. Chapter 17 - QUANTUM INTERPRETATIONS 120. Chapter 18 - FUNDAMENTAL PARTICLES AND FORCES 132. Chapter 19 - A COSMIC PERSPECTIVE 137.

3 POSTSCRIPT 148. SOURCES AND REFERENCES 152. INDEX 153. NOTES 158. PREFACE. I was born in 1924 in New York City. When I was seven, however, my family moved to Sicily. I lived there until I graduated from the University of Palermo with a doctorate in industrial engineering summa cum laude. After returning to the States in 1947, I earned a master's degree in electrical engineering from the Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn. Starting in 1954, I was a member of the technical staff at world-renowned Bell Labs for 35 years; for the last 24, as a department head.

4 My fields of interest were the hardware and software of computers and computer-controlled telephone switching systems, fields in which I did also part-time college-level teaching for a number of years. I hold three patents, and am an associate member of the research fraternity Sigma Xi. I retired in 1990. For many years, I have been a great admirer of PHYSICS , its quest, methods and achievements. After retiring, I decided I would revisit PHYSICS both for my own sake and to write about it in a book for lay readers.

5 I tried to have the book published but without success. I then moved on to other projects that had been sparked in the meantime by my writing. The book lay dormant for years in my computer hard-drive. I distributed copies to a few people, and their reactions confirmed my own expectation that the book can be very helpful to a beginner . To make the book available to as many interested people as possible, I have decided to offer it free in digital form on the Internet. I have e-mailed copies to several people, and plan to make it available at a website of mine, where it will be downloadable at no cost.

6 The book can be freely printed for personal use, or forwarded to others. I will greatly appreciate any feedback, most particularly if something is found that would be unacceptably wrong, even in a book for BEGINNERS , where a few poetical licenses are unavoidable, or even desirable for the sake of clarity. Matthew Raspanti November 20, 2008. Matthew Raspanti Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION. Most people know, at least in some vague way, that the sophisticated technology that drives our society has been driven in turn by fundamental discoveries of PHYSICS .

7 But, just what is PHYSICS ? It derives its present name from the Greek word for Nature ; it was previously called natural philosophy. PHYSICS can be defined as the science that deals with matter, energy, motion and force. It studies the fundamental building blocks of the universe and how they interact. It seeks answers to such fundamental questions as: What kind of world do we live in? How does it work? What are the fundamental laws of Nature ? Thus, PHYSICS is the basic science from which all others have derived.

8 Transistors, microchips, lasers, computers, telecommunications, nuclear power and space travel are among the many applications of PHYSICS that are so pervasive in our times. In our daily newspaper or weekly magazine, we often find articles that attempt to explain to a lay public a variety of topics related to PHYSICS . These might be sophisticated experiments on fundamental particles of matter; space probes and their missions; discoveries of astronomy in very remote regions of space; exotic new theories on the Nature of matter, or the universe as a whole.

9 The relevance of PHYSICS is all around us. Although not as palpable as in the days of the Cold War with the Soviet Union, the terrifying threat of nuclear holocaust still hangs over all mankind. With so many programs competing for federal funds, government support of very expensive scientific ventures has become an issue of public interest. Except for fundamentalist groups, few, if any, religious leaders dare challenge the experimental findings of PHYSICS . No 1. metaphysical speculation about the Nature of reality , whether by lay people or professional philosophers, can ignore these findings.

10 We clearly live in times that require at least some modest level of literacy in PHYSICS , one of the most profound achievements of the human mind. Unfortunately, PHYSICS is the least known and the most intimidating of all sciences. This is true even for many who are literate at some level about other human endeavors. Among the factors that make PHYSICS appear so alien to so many people are the difficulty of many of its concepts, its pervasive use of advanced mathematics and cryptic symbolism, and the sophistication of its instruments, whose complexity goes far beyond the telescope first used by Galileo in 1609.