Physics Laboratory Manual (312)

1 Senior Secondary CoursePhysics Laboratory Manual (312)Course CoordinatorDr. Alok Kumar GuptaNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF OPEN SCHOOLING(An autonomous organisation under MHRD, Govt. of India)A-24-25, Institutional Area, Sector-62, NOIDA-201309 ( )Website: , Toll Free No. 18001809393 ADVISORY COMMITTEEDr. Sitansu S. JenaDr. Kuldeep AgarwalDr. Rachna BhatiaChairmanDirector (Academic)Assistant Director (Academic)NIOS, NOIDA (UP)NIOS, NOIDA (UP)NIOS, NOIDA (UP)CURRICULUM COMMITTEECHAIRMANProf. C. K. GhoshDirector, National Centre for Innovationsin Distance Education (NCIDE)IGNOU, DelhiMEMBERSri Puran ChandProf. B. K. SharmaSri R. P. SharmaSri Kanhaiya LalJoint Secretary, COBSERetd Professor ( Physics ),Education Officer (Retd.),Principal (Retd)New Delhi-110034 DESM, NCERT, New DelhiCBSE, New Delhi-110002 Dir. of EducationFormer Joint Commissioner,DelhiKVSDr. P. K. MukherjeeLate Sri Sher SinghSri Jayavir SinghDr.

2 K. B. ThapaAssociate Professor ( Physics )Principal,PGT ( Physics )Assistant Professor, UIET,Desh Bandhu College,Navyug School, Lodhi RoadHoly Cross School,CSJM University, KanpurNew DelhiDelhi-110003 Najafgarh Delhi-110043 Prof. R. R. YadavProf. A. K. JhaProf. V. P. SrivastavaProf. Balak DasDepartment of Physics ,Department of Physics ,Retd Professor ( Physics ),Department of Physics ,University of Allahabad,College of CommerceDESM, NCERT, New DelhiUniversity of Lucknow,Allahabad-211002 Patna - 800016 Lucknow - 226007Dr. Alok Kumar GuptaAcademic Officer,National Institute of Open Schooling,NOIDALESSON WRITERS AND EDITORSProf. C. K. GhoshDr. P. K. MukherjeeLate Sri Sher SinghDirector, National Centre forAssociate Professor ( Physics )Principal,Innovations in Distance EducationDesh Bandhu College, New DelhiNavyug School, Lodhi Road(NCIDE), IGNOU, DelhiDelhi-110003 Sri R. S. DassSri D. C. PandeySri Kanhaiya LalRetd.

3 Vice PrincipalAssistant Director (Retd.)Principal (Retd)BRMVB Sr. Sec. School,Dir. of Education, DelhiDir. of EducationLajpat Nagar Delhi-110024 DelhiProf. V. P. SrivastavaDr. Alok Kumar GuptaRetd Professor ( Physics ),Academic Officer,DESM, NCERT, New DelhiNIOS, NOIDACOURSE COORDINATORDr. Alok Kumar GuptaAcademic Officer, ( Physics )NIOS, NOIDA ( )GRAPHIC ILLUSTRATORSSri Krishna GraphicsC-90, West Vinod NagarDelhi-110092 Dear learner,As the needs of the society in general, and some groups in particular, keep on changingwith time, the methods and techniques required for fulfilling those aspirations alsohave to be modified accordingly. Education is an instrument of change. The right typeof education at right time can bring about positivity in the outlook of society, attitudinalchanges to face the new/fresh challenges and the courage to face difficult can be very effectively achieved by regular periodic curriculum renewal.

4 A staticcurriculum does not serve any purpose, as it does not cater to the current needs andaspirations of the individual and this purpose only, educationists from all over the country come together at regularintervals to deliberate on the issues of changes needed and required. As an outcomeof such deliberations, the National Curriculum Framework (NCF 2005) came out,which spells out in detail the type of education desirable/needed at various levels ofeducation - primary, elementary, secondary or senior this framework and other national and societal concerns in mind, we havecurrently revised the curriculum of Physics course at Senior Secondary level, as perthe Common Core Curriculum provided by National Council of Educational Researchand Training (NCERT) and the Council of Boards of School Education in India (COBSE)making it current and need based. Textual material production is an integral andessential part of all NIOS programmes offered through open and distance learningsystem.

5 Therefore, we have taken special care to make the learning material userfriendly, interesting and attractive for would like to thank all the eminent persons involved in making this materialinteresting and relevant to your needs. I hope you will find it appealing and behalf of National Institute of Open Schooling, I wish you all a bright andsuccessful future.(Dr. S. S. Jena)Chairman, NIOSC hairman s MessageChairman s MessageChairman s MessageChairman s MessageChairman s MessageA Note From the DirectorA Note From the DirectorA Note From the DirectorA Note From the DirectorA Note From the DirectorDear Learner,Welcome!The Academic Department at the National Institute of Open Schooling tries to bringyou new programmes, in accordance with your needs and requirements. After makinga comprehensive study, we found that our curriculum is more functional related tolife situations and simple.

6 The task now was to make it more effective and useful foryou. We invited leading educationists of the country and under their guidance, wehave been able to revise and update the curriculum in the subject of the same time, we have also removed old, outdated information and added new,relevant things and tried to make the learning material attractive and appealing hope you will find the new material interesting and exciting with lots of activities todo. Any suggestions for further improvement are me wish you all a happy and successful future.(Dr. Kuldeep Agarwal)Director (Academic)National Institute of Open SchoolingA Word With YouA Word With YouA Word With YouA Word With YouA Word With YouDear Learner,I hope you must be enjoying studying Physics from NIOS study material. Like anyother branch of science, in Physics too you search for scientific truth by verifying thefacts.

7 Hence, learning by doing has an important role in especially in Physics . TheNIOS Physics curriculum at Senior Secondary stage is designed to encouragedevelopment of such skills in order to make learning effective. Therefore, lots ofactivities have been incorporated even in the study material of Physics course. InBook I of Physics you will find a list of experiments in the end. Some of these experimentsare indeed very simple and you will be able to perform them even on your own. Butfor others, you may require some guidance. In this Physics Laboratory Manual wehave tried to incorporate all the required guidelines to perform the experiments. thisbook is in addition to three core books help you which cover the theory portion of are three sections in this Laboratory Manual . In the beginning of each section, afew pages of introduciton have been given which disucss the importance and meaningof practical work in Physics , safety measures and precautions to be taken while in thelaboratory, and the way you should maintain the Record Book.

8 Each experiment inthe Manual has detailed instructions about how to perform the experiment and hasobservation tables in which you can record your data. Before starting an experiment,read the instructions given in the Laboratory Manual carefully and recored theobservations in the tables am sure, at the end of each experiment, you may like to assess your understandingabout that experiment. For this purpose, a few questions have been given. For yourconvenience, the answers to these questions are also provided at the end of the manualin the appendix. Though the Manual has the scope of recording your observations inthe tables, you are required to maintain a record book as per the instructions given,as it carries weightage in the practical examination also. In case you have any doubtsor problems while performing the experiments or otherwise, feel free to ask yourPhysics Teacher or write to hope you will enjoy doing experiments.

9 Wishing you all the success.(Dr. Alok Kumar Gupta)Course Coordinator, PhysicsE-mail: of the ExperimentPage determine the internal diameter and depth of a cylinderical container (liketin can, calorimeter) using a vernier callipers and find its capacity. Verify theresult using a graduated determine the diameter of a given wire using a screw determine the radius of curvature of a concave mirror using a find the time period of a simple pendulum for small amplitudes and drawthe graph of length of the pendulum against square of the time period. Use thegraph to find the length of the second s find the weight of a given body using law of parallelogram of study the Newton s law of cooling by plotting a graph between cooling timeand temperature, difference between calorimeter and determine the specific heat of a solid using the method of measure extensions in the length of a helical spring with increasing the spring constant of the spring extension find the time required to empty a burette, filled with water, to of itsvolume, to of its volume, to 1/8 of its volume and so on.

10 Then plot a graphbetween volume of water in the burette and time and thus study at each stagethat the fractional rate of flow is same (analogy to radio-active decay).Group BIntroduction10. To determine the wavelength of sound produced (i) in an air column, (ii) thevelocity of sound in air at room temperature using a resonance column and atuning To compare the frequencies of two tuning forks by finding first and secondresonance positions in a resonance To establish graphically the relation between the tension and length of a stringof a sonometer vibrating in its fundamental mode resonating with a given tuningfork. Use the graph to determine the mass per unit length of the To find the value of v for different values of u in case of a concave mirror andfind its focal length (f) by plotting graph between 1/u and 1 To find the focal length (f) of a convex lens by plotting graph between 1u To find the focal length of a convex mirror using a convex Determine the focal length of a concave lens by combining it with a suitableconvex To draw a graph between the angle of incidence (i) and angle of deviation (D)for a glass prism and to determine the refractive index of the glass of theprism using this To compare the refractive indices of two transparent liquids using a concavemirror and a single To set up an astronomical telescope and find its magnifying CIntroduction20.