Plant Agriculture Pest Control Study Guide

1 Plant Agriculture Pest Control Plant Agriculture Pest Control : A Study Manual for Applicators 2019 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission of the Publisher. For permission requests, please contact Illustrations by UC ANR staff, except as noted: Photo Winter smother crop of yellow mustard, Clyde Elmore Photo Plastic mulch in an olive orchard, Paul M. Vossen To simplify information, trade names of products have been used. No endorsement of named or illustrated products is intended, nor is criticism implied of similar products that are not mentioned or illustrated.

2 This publication has been anonymously peer reviewed for technical accuracy by University of California scientists and other qualified professionals. Contributors and Acknowledgements This manual was prepared by the University of California Agricultural and Natural Resources Statewide Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Program under a memorandum of understanding with the California Department of Pesticide Regulation (DPR). Prepared by the University of California Statewide IPM Program at Davis Shannah M. Whithaus, Writer/Editor Lisa A. Blecker, Technical Editor Joyce F. Strand, former Associate Director for Communications Tunyalee Martin, Associate Director for Communications Kassim Al-Khatib, former Director, Statewide IPM Program at Davis Technical Advisory Committee and Principal Contributors The following people provided ideas, information, and suggestions and reviewed manuscript drafts.

3 Steve Fennimore, University of California Cooperative Extension Weed Specialist Glen Foth, Grounds Services Manager, State Center Community College District Adolfo Gallo, Pest Management and Licensing Branch, DPR Ken Giles, Professor, Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California, Davis Kurt Hembree, University of California Cooperative Extension Farm Advisor, Fresno County Barbara Huecksteadt, County Agricultural Commissioner, San Joaquin County Judy Letterman, CEO, Pesticide Applicators Professional Association (PAPA) Franz Neiderholzer, University of California Cooperative Extension Farm Advisor, Sutter-Yuba Counties Michael O Malley, , Associate Clinical Professor, Center for Health and the Environment, University of California, Davis Renee Rianda, PCA, The Morning Star Company Cathy Roache, Deputy Agricultural Commissioner, Alameda County John Roncoroni, University of California Cooperative Extension Weed Science Farm Advisor, Napa County Lucia Varela, University of California Cooperative Extension IPM Advisor, North Coast Cheryl Wilen, University of California Cooperative Extension IPM Advisor, South Coast The following people generously provided information, offered suggestions, reviewed draft manuscripts, or assisted in setting up photographs for the Plant Agriculture Study Guide .

4 Vic Acosta, Enforcement Branch, DPR Maria Alfaro, Statewide IPM Program Jodi Azulai, Statewide IPM Program Tom Babb, Pest Management and Licensing Branch, DPR Roger A. Baldwin, University of California Cooperative Extension Wildlife Specialist Romy Basler, Statewide IPM Program Rick Bergin, Environmental Monitoring Branch, DPR Scott Birchfield, Syngenta Crop Protection Plant Agriculture Pest Control Carol Black, National Association of State Departments of Agriculture Research Foundation Laurie Brajkovich, Pest Management and Licensing Branch, DPR Robert Budd, Environmental Monitoring Branch, DPR Randy D ahlgren, Professor, Soils and Biogeochemistry, University of California, Davis Surendra Dara, University of California Cooperative Extension Strawberry and Vegetable Farm Advisor, San Luis Obispo County Steve Dreistadt, Statewide IPM Program Jim Farrar, Statewide IPM Program Harvard Fong, Worker Health & Safety Branch.

5 DPR Adolfo Gallo, Pest Management and Licensing Branch, DPR Doug Gubler, Professor, Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis Linda Hall, Worker Health & Safety Branch, DPR Leilani Hansen, Pesticide Registration Branch, DPR April Holland, Worker Health & Safety Branch, DPR Rick Melnicoe, Office of Pesticide Information and Coordination, Retired Steve Peaslee, GIS Specialist, National Soil Survey Center Margaret Reiff, Pesticide Registration Branch, DPR Cheryl Reynolds, Statewide IPM Program Frank Schneider, Worker Health & Safety Branch, DPR Larry Schwankl, University of California Cooperative Extension Irrigation Specialist Kevin Solari, Worker Health & Safety Branch, DPR James Stapleton, University of California Cooperative Extension IPM Advisor, Central Valley Joyce F. Strand, Statewide IPM Program Parissa Tehrani, Worker Health & Safety Branch, DPR Nancy Westcott, GoatThroat Pumps Miglena Wilbur, Worker Health & Safety Branch, DPR Karey Windbiel-Rojas, Statewide IPM Program Nino Yanga, Worker Health & Safety Branch, DPR Michael Zeiss, Enforcement Branch, DPR Thank you to the following institutions for providing materials for reproduction: the National Association of State Departments of Agriculture Research Foundation (NASDARF), the Environmental Protection Agency, and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration.

6 2 Plant Agriculture Pest Control Plant Agriculture Pest Control : A Study Manual for Applicators Introduction .. 5 Knowledge Expectations for Category D, Plant 6 IPM in Plant Parts of an IPM program .. 10 Integrating Management 12 Nonchemical Pest Control Biological Control .. 12 Biological Control of Insects and Biological Control of Biological Control of Plant Biological Control of Plant -Parasitic Cultural Control .. 18 Smother Crops and Cover Crop Planting and Harvest Irrigation and Water Management .. 22 Fertilizers and Soil Resistant Cultivars .. 23 Transgenic (Genetically Modified) Crops ..25 Mechanical and Physical Control .. 27 Land Preparation.

7 27 Soil Mulches ..29 Soil Traps ..31 Pest Biology in Plant Agriculture ..33 Important Crops and Pests in California Agriculture .. 34 Factors to Consider when Making Pesticide Use Decisions ..49 Selecting the Right 49 ..50 Herbicides ..51 Fungicides and 57 Rodenticides and Other Chemicals to Control Vertebrate Fate of pesticides in the 60 Factors that Affect the Outcome of Pesticide Pest 65 Life Stage of Pests .. 65 Life Stage and Health of Pesticide 66 Physical and Chemical Properties of the Soil ..67 ..69 3 Plant Agriculture Pest Control Water Uniformity of Pesticide Mistakes ..70 Maintenance and Calibration of Application Equipment ..73 Timing Pesticide Applications to Maximize Effectiveness .. 73 Traps ..73 Phenology 74 Computerized Systems.

8 76 Application Methods and Selecting Application 79 Selecting 91 Flooding Nozzles .. 93 Extended Range Turbulence Chamber (Turbo) Flood Turbulence Chamber (Turbo) Air-Injection/Air-Induction/Venturi Table 5-2: Nozzle selection Guide , with spray pattern illustrations .. 96 Precision Farming and Variable-Rate Application 97 Variable Rate Application Review 101 4 Plant Agriculture Pest Control Introduction Plant Agriculture Pest Control , number 10 in the University of California s Pesticide Application Compendium, is meant to be studied along with The Safe and Effective Use of pesticides , 3rd Edition. Taken together, they contain information you must know to pass the Plant Agriculture (Category D) exam for a qualified pesticide applicator certificate (QAC) or license (QAL) from the State of California.

9 Category D covers application of pesticides to food, feed, fiber, or ornamental crops, grasslands and other noncrop areas, and rice and similar crops grown in wet or flooded fields. F umigation, aerial applications, or applications to running or standing water are not covered. Knowledge expectations (KEs) are short statements that describe what you need to know. They will help you focus on what you must learn to pass the Plant Agriculture category examination. KEs appear at the end of this introduction, as well as throughout the book, to Guide you as you read. They cover material found in The Safe and Effective Use of pesticides , 3rd Edition The UC IPM Pest Management Guidelines Plant Agriculture Pest Control Pesticide regulations require that people with a Category D license show practical knowledge of California crop and pest combinations that people often treat with restricted-use pesticides (RUPs) Soil and water problems resulting from pesticide applications Required preharvest intervals (PHI) Required re-entry intervals (REI) Phytotoxicity that may result from using pesticides Potential for environmental contamination, nontarget injury, and community problems resulting from pesticides applied in agricultural areas.

10 The Plant Agriculture Study Guide is a companion to California s basic principles Study Guide , The Safe and Effective Use of pesticides , which covers the core knowledge needed by all State-licensed applicators. All page numbers and chapter references provided in this book are from the 3rd Edition of The Safe and Effective Use of pesticides . KEs for the Plant Agriculture category and related material cover Some key pests in California s important crops and other agricultural areas Pest and crop life stages, and why they are key to effective pest management Components of an IPM program, including nonchemical pest Control options that work in agricultural areas Effective selection of pesticides in specific situations Application methods and equipment used in Plant Agriculture Precision farming tools that increase application effectiveness and safety Factors that affect the outcome of pesticide applications 5 Plant Agriculture Pest Control Timing pesticide applications to maximize positive outcomes and minimize effects on nontarget organisms.