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Polish Grammar in a Nutshell - Skwierzyna

PolishGrammar in aNutshell Oscar E. SwanUniversity of Pittsburgh2003 Information on Polish sounds and grammarwhich should be mastered by theintermediate-level student of Grammar IN A NUTSHELL540 Polish Grammar IN A NUTSHELL541 CONTENTSThe Polish Alphabet and Sounds 5 Notes on Spelling and pronunciation 6 Sound Changes 8 Nouns 9 Noun Gender 9 Cases and Case Use 11 Noun Phrases 13 Regular Noun Endings 15 Distribution of Endings 16 Noun Endings Depending on the Hard-Soft Distinction 17 Noun Declensions 19 Days of the Week 23 Compass Directions 23 Months 24 Pronouns 24 Personal Pronouns 24 Possessive Pronouns 26 Demonstrative and Relative Pronouns 27 Intensive Pronoun 28 Reflexive Pronoun 28 Distributive Pronoun 29 Adjectives 30 Adjective Declension 30 Adjective-Noun Order 30 Comparison of Adjectives 31 Adjective Opposites 31 Adverbs 33 Comparison of Adverbs 33 Non-Adjectival Adverbs 35 Numerals 37 Cardinal Numerals 37 Compound Numbers 38 Declension of Cardinal Numerals 38 Polish

POLISH GRAMMAR IN A NUTSHELL 545 NOTES ON SPELLING AND PRONUNCIATION 1. The Polish alphabet has no Q, V or X, although these letters may be found in transcriptions of foreign names, and in a few borrowed words, e.g.

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Transcription of Polish Grammar in a Nutshell - Skwierzyna

1 PolishGrammar in aNutshell Oscar E. SwanUniversity of Pittsburgh2003 Information on Polish sounds and grammarwhich should be mastered by theintermediate-level student of Grammar IN A NUTSHELL540 Polish Grammar IN A NUTSHELL541 CONTENTSThe Polish Alphabet and Sounds 5 Notes on Spelling and pronunciation 6 Sound Changes 8 Nouns 9 Noun Gender 9 Cases and Case Use 11 Noun Phrases 13 Regular Noun Endings 15 Distribution of Endings 16 Noun Endings Depending on the Hard-Soft Distinction 17 Noun Declensions 19 Days of the Week 23 Compass Directions 23 Months 24 Pronouns 24 Personal Pronouns 24 Possessive Pronouns 26 Demonstrative and Relative Pronouns 27 Intensive Pronoun 28 Reflexive Pronoun 28 Distributive Pronoun 29 Adjectives 30 Adjective Declension 30 Adjective-Noun Order 30 Comparison of Adjectives 31 Adjective Opposites 31 Adverbs 33 Comparison of Adverbs 33 Non-Adjectival Adverbs 35 Numerals 37 Cardinal Numerals 37 Compound Numbers 38 Declension of Cardinal Numerals 38 Polish

2 Grammar IN A NUTSHELL542 Collective Numerals 41 Reified Numerals 42 Indefinite Numerals 42 Counting People 42 Ordinal Numerals 43 Time of Day 43 Dates, Years, Expressing How Old 44 Prepositions 45 Prepositions Arranged According to Case 46 Prepositions Expressing 'at', 'to', 'from' 47 Expressions of Time 47 Polish Translations of 'For' 48 Conjunctions 50 Verbs 51 Finite Verb Categories 53 Present Tense 53 Summary of Verb Classes 56 Imperative 57 Past Tense 58 Future Tense 60 Perfective and Imperfective Aspect 60 Verbs of Motion 62 Conditional Mood 63 Participles and Gerunds 64 Passive Voice 66 Impersonal Verbs 67 Reflexive Verbs 68 Important Sentence Constructions 71 Constructions with the Infinitive 71 Modal Expressions 71 Introducing Sentences 71 Expressing 'There Is' 72 Predicate Nouns and Adjectives 72 Yes-No Questions 72 Negation 72 Word Order 73 Sentence Intonation 73 Polish Grammar IN A NUTSHELL543 THE Polish ALPHABET AND SOUNDSHere is the Polish alphabet: a, , b, c, , d, e, , f, g, h, I, j, k, l, , m, n, , o , , p, r, s, , t, u, w, y, z.

3 SOUND VALUES OF THE LETTERS APPROXIMATELETTERENGLISH SOUNDEXAMPLE afathertak thus, so, yes, raz once domes they are, w snakeThe sound is pronounced like om, except that the lips or tongue are notcompletely closed to pronounce the m, leaving a nasal resonance side, aby so thatbi-beautifulbieg course, run, race, tobie to youcfitsco what, noc night, taca traychhallchata cottage, ucho ear, dach roofThe sound of ch is much raspier and noisier than English cake, cicho quietczchalkczas time, gracz player, t cza rainbow cheekcho although, ni mi thread (Inst. pl.) The letters and ci- are pronounced the same. The combination ci- is usedbefore a vowel. The letter c before i is pronounced like /ci-. The sound of /ci-, pronounced with the mouth in the position of English )y), is differentfrom that of cz, pronounced with the mouth in the position of English "r".ddodata date, lada counterdzoddscudzy foreign, wodze reinsdzi-jeansdziadek grandfather, ludzie peopled jeanswied ma witch.

4 Lud mi jawd ez jazz, rad a rajah The letters d and dzi- are pronounced the same. The combination dzi- isused before a vowel. The letters dz before i are pronounced like d sound of d /dzi-, pronounced with the mouth in the position of English"y", is different from that of d , pronounced with the mouth in the position ofEnglish "r".eeverten this (masc.), ale but, Edek Eddie senseg goose, t skni long forThe sound is pronounced like em, except that the lips or tongue are notcompletely closed to pronounce the m, leaving a nasal resonance instead. Atthe end of a word, the letter is normally pronounced the same as e:naprawd "naprawde".ffeltfarba paint, lufa rifle-barrel, blef bluffggetguma rubber, noga leg, footgi-bug yougie da stock-market, magiel manglehhallhak hook, aha aha! Polish Grammar IN A NUTSHELL544 Pronounced the same as ch (see above), the letter h appears mainly in wordsof foreign cheeklist letter, ig a needlejyou, boyjak as, raj paradise, zaj c harekkegkot cat, rok year, oko eyeki-like youkiedy when, takie such (neut.)

5 Llovelas forest, dal distance, fala wave wag, bow eb animal head, by he was, o wek pencilmi-harm youmiara measure, ziemia earthmmothmama mama, tom volumennotnoc night, pan sir, ono itni-canyonnie no, not, nigdy never canyonko horse, ha ba disgraceThe letters and ni- are pronounced the same. The combination ni- is usedbefore a vowel. The letter n before i is pronounced like sweat, osa wasp, okno window tootb l pain, o wek pencilThe letter is pronounced the same as belt, strap, apa paw, cap billy-goatpi-stop youpiana foam, apie he catchesr arriba (Span.) rada advic, kara punishment, dar giftThe sound r is pronounced by trilling the tip of the tongue, as in Spanish river, morze seaThe letter-combination rz is pronounced the same as ; see the same (masc.), pas belt, rasa breedsi-sheepsiano hay, sito sieveszsharkszal frenzy, dusza sou, sheepo axle, kwa ny sour, pi he sleepsThe letters and si- are pronounced the same.

6 The combination si- is usedbefore a vowel. The letter s before i is pronounced like /si-. The sound of /si-, pronounced with the mouth in the position of English "y", is differentfrom that of sz, pronounced with the mouth in the position of English "r".ttoptam there, data date, kot catutootbut shoe, tu here, ucho earwvatwata cotton wadding, kawa coffeeyilldym smoke, ty you (sg.)zzoozupa soup, faza phasezi-azureziarno grain, zima winter azurewyra ny distinct, le badly pleasure aba frog, pla a beachThe letters and zi- are pronounced the same. The combination zi- is usedbefore a vowel. The letter z before i is pronounced like /zi-. The sound of /zi-, pronounced with the mouth in the position of English "y", is differentfrom that of , pronounced with the mouth in the position of English "r". Polish Grammar IN A NUTSHELL545 NOTES ON SPELLING AND PRONUNCIATION1. The Polish alphabet has no Q, V or X, although these letters may befound in transcriptions of foreign names, and in a few borrowed words, , pan X Mr.

7 Polish vowels a, e, i, y, o, u ( ) are all pronounced with exactly thesame short length, achieved by not moving the tongue or the lips after theonset of the vowel, as happens, for example, in English vowel-sounds ee(knee), oe (toe), oo (boot). Only the nasal vowels are pronounced long, thelength being due to rounding the lips and pronouncing the glide "w" at theend: s . 3. Polish consonant sounds may be pronounced slightly differentlyaccording to position in a word. Most importantly, voiced consonant soundsb, d, dz, g, rz, w, z, , are pronounced as unvoiced sounds (p, t, c, k, sz, f,s, , sz, respectively) in final position. For example, paw is pronounced "paf";chod is pronounced "cho ".voicedbd dzg rzwz voicelesspt c k szfs sz4. The letters and are usually pronounced like on/om or en/em,respectively, before consonants. For example, l d is pronounced "lont"; d bis pronounced "domp"; t py is pronounced "tempy"; d ty is pronounced"denty"; and so on.

8 Before and d , and are pronounced e /o : ch "che ", l dzie "lo dzie". Before k and g, and may be pronounced as oor e plus the English ng sound: m ka, pot ga. The vowels and areusually denasalized before l or : zdj li "zdjeli", zdj "zdjo ".5. The stress in a Polish word falls on the next-to-last syllable: sprawaSPRA-wa, Warszawa War-SZA-wa, gospodarka go-spo-DAR-ka,zadowolony za-do-wo-LO-ny. As these examples show, Polish syllablestend to divide after a vowel. Words in -yka take stress on the precedingsyllable: mateMAtyka, MU-zyka. The past-tense endings -y my/-i my, -y cie/-i cie do not cause a shift in place of stress: BY- y SPELLING RULES: a. So-called kreska consonants ( , d , , , ) are spelled with an acutemark only at word-end and before consonants; otherwise, they are spelled asc, dz, s, z, n plus a following i: dzie "d e ", nie " e". Before the vowel iitself, no extra i is needed: ci " i" to you.

9 B. Certain instances of b, p, w, f, m are latently soft, meaning that theywill be treated as soft (in effect, as if kreska consonants) before vowels. In thespelling, they will be followed by i. Compare paw peacock, plural pawie(paw'-e) peacocks. Polish Grammar IN A NUTSHELL546 c. The letter y can be written only after a hard consonant (see below) orafter c, cz, dz, rz, sz, . The letter i after the consonants c, dz, n, s, z alwaysindicates the pronunciations , d , , , , respectively. Only i, never y, maybe written after l or j. d. The letter e is usually separated from a preceding k or g by i,indicating a change before e of k, g to k', g': jakie, drogie. e. The letter j is dropped after a vowel before i: stoj I stand but stoiszyou CHANGES1. When describing word formation, some consonants are counted ashard (H) and others as soft (S):Hpb f wmtdszn r k g chS1p'b'f'w'm' d lrz cdzszjS2cz Hard consonants can soften before certain endings.

10 For example, r goes to rzbefore the Locative singular ending -'e, as in biur-'e: biurze office (frombiuro).As noted, the consonants p, b, f, m, w at the end of a word may turn outto be soft (p', b', f', m', w', spelled pi-, bi-, fi-, mi-, wi-), when not at the endof a word; cf. paw peacock, pl. One often observes vowel changes within Polish words depending onwhether endings are added to them. The most important such changesinvolve an alternation between o and , and , io/ia and ie, and betweene and nothing (fleeting or mobile e). These changes may be observed in thesingular and plural forms of the following nouns: st sto y table-tables, z bz by tooth-teeth, s siad s siedzi neighbor-neighbors, ch opiec ch opcy boy-boys,pies psy Grammar IN A NUTSHELL547 OUTLINE OF Polish GRAMMARNOUNSLACK OF ARTICLES. Polish does not have elements corresponding toEnglish indefinite and definite articles a, an, the.


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