PREPARATION OF FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE …

1 ISSN 1020-5187. FAO Animal Health Manual 16. PREPARATION OF. FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE . contingency PLANS. EMERGENCY PREVENTION SYSTEM. FAO Animal Health Manual No. 16. PREPARATION . OF FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE . contingency PLANS. William A. Geering Consultant, EMPRES/Infectious Diseases Group, FAO, Rome Former Director, Animal and Plant Health, Bureau of Resource Sciences and Deputy Chief Veterinary Officer, Australia Juan Lubroth Senior Officer, EMPRES/Infectious Diseases Group, FAO, Rome FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS. Rome, 2002. The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. ISBN 92-5-104867-3.

2 All rights reserved. Reproduction and dissemination of material in this information product for educational or other non-commercial purposes are authorized without any prior written permission from the copyright holders provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of material in this information product for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without written permission of the copyright holders. Applications for such permission should be addressed to the Chief, Publishing Management Service, Information Division, FAO, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100. Rome, Italy or by e-mail to FAO 2002. iii Contents Acknowledgements vi Acronyms and abbreviations vii INTRODUCTION 1. Chapter 1. SUGGESTED FORMAT AND CONTENTS OF. A NATIONAL FMD contingency plan 3. Nature of the DISEASE 3. Risk analysis for FMD 4. Prevention strategies 4. Early warning contingency plan 4. Strategies for control and eradication of FMD 4.

3 Organizational arrangements for FMD emergencies 4. Support plans 5. Action plans 5. Appendixes 5. Chapter 2. NATURE OF THE DISEASE 7. Definition 7. World distribution 7. Aetiology 7. Epidemiological features 8. Clinical signs 13. Pathology 15. Immunity 16. Diagnosis 16. Chapter 3. RISK ANALYSIS FOR FMD 21. Introduction 21. Principles of risk analysis 21. Who should carry out the risk analyses? 23. Risk assessment for FMD 23. The value of risk assessment for FMD 26. iv Chapter 4. PREVENTION STRATEGIES FOR FMD 27. Introduction 27. Import quarantine policy 28. Barrier and border quarantine policy 28. Swill feeding controls 29. Containment of livestock 29. Chapter 5. EARLY WARNING contingency PLANNING FOR FMD 31. Introduction 31. Training of veterinarians and other animal health staff in early recognition of FMD and collection and dispatch of diagnostic specimens 32. Livestock farmer and trader awareness/education programmes 34. Specialist diagnostic team 35.

4 Laboratory diagnostic capabilities 36. International Reference Laboratories and Collaborating Centres 37. Special DISEASE surveillance requirements for FMD. endemic countries 38. Chapter 6. EARLY REACTION contingency PLANNING. FOR A FMD EMERGENCY 39. Introduction 39. Epidemiological features influencing FMD eradication strategies 39. Strategies for FMD eradication 41. Zoning 42. Stamping out 44. Vaccination programmes supplemented by other FMD. control measures 50. Wild or feral animal involvement in FMD outbreaks 54. Public awareness and education campaigns 55. International requirements for the verification of FMD. eradication and national or zonal freedom from the DISEASE 55. International collaboration 57. v Chapter 7. FMD CONTROL AND ERADICATION CAMPAIGNS. IN AN ENDEMIC SITUATION 59. Introduction 59. Vaccination campaigns in an endemic situation 59. Cessation of vaccination programmes 60. Chapter 8. ORGANIZATIONAL ARRANGEMENTS DURING A FMD.

5 EMERGENCY CAMPAIGN 63. Responsibilities and command structures 63. Consultative Committee on Emergency Animal Diseases 65. National Animal DISEASE Control Centre 65. Local Animal DISEASE Control Centres 66. Chapter 9. SUPPORT PLANS 62. Financial plan 69. Resource plan 70. Legislation 73. Chapter 10. ACTION plan 75. Investigation phase 75. Alert phase 77. Operational phase 78. Stand-down phase 78. Chapter 11. TRAINING, TESTING AND REVISION. OF contingency PLANS 81. Simulation exercises 81. Training 81. The need for regular updating of FMD contingency plans 82. APPENDIXES. 1. Collaborating centres 83. 2. OIE experts and reference laboratories/. FAO reference laboratories for FMD 89. vi Acknowledgements This manual is based on the format of the Australian Veterinary Emergency plan (AUSVETPLAN) with modifications. The authors wish to thank Drs Tony Forman, Tony Garland, Yves Leforban, Roger Paskin, Peter Roeder, Gijs van't Klooster and Ray Webb for providing critical suggestions and comments on various drafts of this manual.

6 Vii Acronyms and abbreviations ACIAR Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research APHCA Animal Production and Health Commission for Asia and the Pacific ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations AU African Union (see OAU). AUSVETPLAN Australian Veterinary Emergency plan CCEAD Consultative Committee on Emergency Animal Diseases CFT complement fixation test CVO chief veterinary officer DVS Director of Veterinary Services ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States ELISA enzyme linked immunosorbent assay EMC encephalomyocarditis EMPRES Emergency Prevention System for Transboundary Animal and Plant Pests and Diseases EU European Union EUFMD European Commission for the Control of foot - and- mouth DISEASE FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FMD FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE FVO field veterinary officer IATA International Air Transport Association IBAR Interafrican Bureau for Animal Resources IETS International Embryo Transfer Society NGO non-governmental organization NSP non-structural proteins OAU Organization of African Unity (superseded by AU).

7 OIE International Office of Epizootics/Office International des Epizooties OP (probang) oesophageal-pharyngeal (probang). Panaftosa Pan American FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE Center PCR polymerase chain reaction viii ProMED Program for Monitoring Emerging Diseases PVO provincial veterinary officer RNA ribonucleic acid SADC Southern African Development Community SEAFMD Southeast Asian foot -and mouth DISEASE Campaign TAD transboundary animal DISEASE TADinfo Transboundary Animal Diseases Information System VNT virus neutralization test PREPARATION of FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE contingency plans 1. Introduction FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE (FMD) is one of the most serious transboundary animal diseases. It is a highly contagious viral DISEASE , and may have rapid and unanticipated national and international spread. Although not a very lethal DISEASE for adult animals, it can cause crippling socio-economic consequences, through high production and trade losses.

8 Transboundary animal diseases (TADs) for the Emergency Prevention System for Transboundary Animal and Plant Pests and Diseases (EMPRES) are those diseases that are of significant economic, trade and/or food security importance for a considerable number of countries; which can easily spread to other countries and reach epidemic proportions; and where control/management, including exclusion, requires cooperation among several countries. The International Office of Epizootics (OIE) International Animal Health Code includes FMD in List A diseases, defined as communicable diseases which have the potential for serious and rapid spread, irrespective of national borders; which are of serious socio- economic or public health importance; and which are of major importance in the international trade of animals and animal products . This manual provides information on the nature of FMD and the principles and strategic options for its prevention, control and elimination.

9 Guidelines are provided for individual countries threatened by FMD to formulate their overall national policy on control and eradication of a possible incursion of the DISEASE . The manual also identifies personnel, equipment and other facilities that are needed in a national FMD contingency plan . An outline of suggested format and contents of a national FMD contingency plan is provided as a guide but should be modified to suit the needs and circumstances of individual countries. Due consideration was given to the provisions in the OIE. International Animal Health Code in the PREPARATION of the manual. It is suggested that the manual be used in conjunction with the Manual on the PREPARATION of national animal DISEASE emergency preparedness plans (FAO, 1999a) cited on p. 2. 2 Introduction Sources of information recommended for use with this manual include: ACIAR. 1993. Diagnosis and epidemiology of FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE in Southeast Asia.

10 ACIAR Proceedings No. 51. Canberra, Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research. Australian Veterinary Emergency plan (AUSVETPLAN) DISEASE Strategy. 1996. FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE , 2nd ed. Agriculture and Resource Management Council of Australia and New Zealand. FAO. 1999a. Manual on the PREPARATION of national animal DISEASE emergency preparedness plans. FAO Animal Health Manual No. 6. Rome. FAO. 1999b. Manual on livestock DISEASE surveillance and information systems. FAO Animal Health Manual No. 8. Rome. FAO. 2001. Manual on procedures for DISEASE eradication by stamping out. FAO Animal Health Manual No. 12. Rome. FAO. 2002. Recognizing FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE A field manual. Rome. (in PREPARATION ). International Office of Epizootics. 2000. Manual of standards for diagnostic tests and vaccines, 4th ed. Paris. International Office of Epizootics. 2001. International Animal Health Code: mammals, birds and bees, 10th ed.