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Presented by Essential Grammar The book has the great advantage of introducing Arabic grammaticalterminology in a manner that is clear and easy to follow .. there isnothing like it on the market at present and I believe it will be muchappreciated by teachers and students alike Stefan Sperl, Senior Lecturer in Arabic, SOAS, UKArabic: An Essential Grammar is an up-to-date and practical referenceguide to the most important aspects of the language. Suitable forbeginners, as well as intermediate students, this book offers a strongfoundation for learning the fundamental grammar structures of complexities of the language are set out in short, readable sectionsand exercises and examples are provided book is ideal for independent learners as well as for of this book include: coverage of the Arabic script and alphabet a chapter on Arabic handwriting a guide to pronunciation examples provided Abu-Chacra is Senior Lecturer Emeritus in Arabic at the Uni-versity of Helsinki, by Essential GrammarsEssential Grammars are available for the following languages:ChineseCzechDanishDutchEnglish FinnishGermanModern GreekModern HebrewHungarianNorwegianPolishPortuguese SerbianSpanishSwedishThaiUrduOther titles of related interest published by Routledge:Arabic English Thematic Lexicon (forthcoming)By Daniel NewmanColloquial Arabic

10 Gender 46 11 Conjunctions, prepositions and the particle ﻰﺘَّﺣَ h ˙ atta¯51 12 Id ˙ a¯fah construction (genitive attribute) and the five nouns 61 13 Number: dual and plural 70 14 Perfect tense verbs, root and radicals, triliteral verbs and word order 78 15 Separate personal pronouns and suffix pronouns 87

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1 Presented by Essential Grammar The book has the great advantage of introducing Arabic grammaticalterminology in a manner that is clear and easy to follow .. there isnothing like it on the market at present and I believe it will be muchappreciated by teachers and students alike Stefan Sperl, Senior Lecturer in Arabic, SOAS, UKArabic: An Essential Grammar is an up-to-date and practical referenceguide to the most important aspects of the language. Suitable forbeginners, as well as intermediate students, this book offers a strongfoundation for learning the fundamental grammar structures of complexities of the language are set out in short, readable sectionsand exercises and examples are provided book is ideal for independent learners as well as for of this book include: coverage of the Arabic script and alphabet a chapter on Arabic handwriting a guide to pronunciation examples provided Abu-Chacra is Senior Lecturer Emeritus in Arabic at the Uni-versity of Helsinki, by Essential GrammarsEssential Grammars are available for the following languages:ChineseCzechDanishDutchEnglish FinnishGermanModern GreekModern HebrewHungarianNorwegianPolishPortuguese SerbianSpanishSwedishThaiUrduOther titles of related interest published by Routledge.

2 Arabic English Thematic Lexicon (forthcoming)By Daniel NewmanColloquial Arabic of EgyptBy Jane Wightwick and Mahmoud GaafarColloquial Arabic of the Gulf and Saudi Arabia(second edition forthcoming)By Clive HolesModern Written Arabic: A Comprehensive GrammarBy El Said Badawi, Mike Carter and Adrian GullyPresented by Essential GrammarFaruk Abu-ChacraPresented by published 2007by Routledge2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4 RNSimultaneously published in the USA and Canadaby Routledge270 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10016 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business 2007 Faruk Abu-ChacraAll rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted orreproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic,mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafterinvented, including photocopying and recording, or in anyinformation storage or retrieval system, without permission inwriting from the Library Cataloguing in Publication DataA catalogue record for this book is available from the British LibraryLibrary of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataAbu Shaqra, : an essential grammar / by Faruk Arabic language Textbooks for foreign speakers 82421 dc222006023828 ISBN10: 0 415 41572 1 (hbk)ISBN10: 0 415 41571 3 (pbk)ISBN10: 0 203 08881 6 (ebk)ISBN13: 978 0 415 41572 9 (hbk)ISBN13: 978 0 415 41571 2 (pbk)ISBN13: 978 0 203 08881 4 (ebk)This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2007.

3 To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge scollection of thousands of eBooks please go to ISBN 0-203-08881-6 Master e-book ISBNP resented by of abbreviationsix1 Arabic script, transliteration and alphabet table12 Pronunciation of consonants53 Punctuation and handwriting94 Vowels135 Suku n, s addah, noun cases and nunation as indefinite form176 Long vowels, alif maqs u rah, dagger or miniature alif, wordstress and syllable structure 217 Hamzah (hamzatu l-qat i) and the maddah sign268 Definite article .. , nominal sentences, verbalsentences, word order and adjectives319 Sun and moon letters, hamzatu l-was li (was lah)3910 Gender4611 Conjunctions, prepositions and the particle h atta 5112 Id a fah construction (genitive attribute) and the five nouns6113 Number: dual and plural7014 Perfect tense verbs, root and radicals, triliteral verbs andword order7815 Separate personal pronouns and suffix pronouns8716 Demonstrative, reflexive and reciprocal pronouns9817 Imperfect tense verb in the indicative and word order10618 Derived verb forms (stems), roots and radicals, transitiveand intransitive verbs11519 Passive verbs12820 Rules for writing the hamzah (hamzatu l-qat i)13521 Broken plurals and collective nouns14422 Triptotes and diptotes151 Presented by Participles, verbal nouns (mas dar), nouns of place, time andinstrument16024 Interrogative particles and pronouns, vocative particles16925 Adjectival patterns, relative adjectives (nisbah),comparatives and superlatives, diminutives18126 Inna and its sisters, ka na and its sisters19327 Relative pronouns and relative clauses20128 Moods.

4 Subjunctive, jussive (apocopatus) and imperative20929 Doubled verbs (mediae geminatae) and quadriliteral verbs21830 Verbs with hamzah22431 Verbs with a weak initial radical23132 Verbs with a weak middle radical23733 Verbs with a weak final radical, doubly weak verbs andweak verbs with hamzah24634 Cardinal numbers25635 Ordinal numbers, fractions, expressions of time andcalendars26936 Exception28237 Verbs of wonder, the negative copula laysa, verbs withspecial uses and some special uses of the preposition .. 28938 Adverbs and adverbials, absolute or inner object, h a l(circumstantial clause) and tamy z (accusative ofspecification)29939 Conditional sentences309 AppendicesAppendix 1 Tables of verb forms319 Appendix 2 Verb conjugation paradigms328 Index351viContentsPresented by book describes the fundamental grammar and structure of modernliterary Arabic. It is complete with exercises and offers a strong founda-tion for reading and writing the Arabic of newspapers, books, broad-casts and formal speech, as well as providing the student with a coursefor self-study.

5 The exercises and examples contain modern vocabularyand expressions taken from everyday work contains thirty-nine chapters with an appendix of tables forverb forms and verb conjugation paradigms. All chapters are progres-sive and they complement each other. For this reason it is recommendedthat the student master each lesson before going on to the to chapter 22, a full transliteration into the Latin alphabet is givenfor all Arabic examples and exercises. From chapter 22 onwards, thetransliteration is omitted from the exercises are two types of exercise: Arabic sentences translated intoEnglish, and English sentences to be translated into Arabic. The wordsof the English to Arabic translation exercises are taken from the Arabicto English exercises of the same that readers do not have to use Arabic English dictionaries, which alearner of Arabic would find difficult at this stage, most Arabic wordsin the exercises are indexed with a superscript number and the samenumber is given to the equivalent English am confident that this book will prove to be of great help to those whohave begun or will begin the study of Arabic, and that teachers will findit a useful by would like to express my gratitude to my former colleagues at theInstitute for Asian and African Studies at the University of Helsinki(Finland), especially Professor Tapani Harviainen and Dr BertilTikkanen, and to Professor Daniel Newman of the University ofDurham (England) as well as Professor Benjamin Hoffez of OaklandUniversity (USA).

6 They read the original manuscript and madenumerous valuable comments and suggestions for its improvement. Inaddition I should also like to thank the anonymous reviewers appointedby Routledge for their constructive criticism and also acknowledge the generous financial support of the Ministryof Education of Finland, the University of Helsinki, Alfred KordelinFoundation, Jenni and Antti Wihuri Foundation, and the FinnishAssociation of Non-Fiction Abu-ChacraHelsinki, Finland, 2007 Presented by by by 1 Arabic script, transliterationand alphabet Arabic scriptThe Arabic alphabet consists of 28 letters representing consonants. Inaddition there are three vowel signs which are used in writing both shortand long vowels. Moreover, there are various other orthographic signsthat are explained in the following 28 letters are written from right to left. When writing words, theletters are connected (joined) together from both sides, except inthe case of six letters, which can only be joined from the right letters are numbered 1, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 27 in the table belowand are marked with an asterisk (*).

7 It is important to remember thatthese letters cannot be connected to the following letter ( on their leftside).Most of the letters are written in slightly different forms depending ontheir location in the word: initially, medially, finally or standing are no capital grammarians use three different names for the alphabet: al-h uru fu l- abg adiyyatu al-h uru fu l-hig a iyyatu al- alifba uPresented by transliteration of the Arabic alphabet given below is based on theLatin alphabet, but some of the letters have an extra sign indicatingsome special feature of the Arabic pronunciation of the letter alif ( ), which is the first letter, has so far not been given anytransliteration, because its sound value varies (to be dealt with inchapters 6 and 7). table and transliterationtransliterationstandingal onefinalmedialinitial name(1) (*).

8 Alif(2) b .. Ba (3) t .. Ta (4) t .. T a (5) g .. G -m(6) h .. H a (7) h .. H a (8) d (*) .. Da l(9) d (*) .. D a l(10) r (*) .. Ra (11) z (*) .. Zayn(12) s .. S -n(13) s .. S -n(14) s .. S a d(15) d .. D a d(16) t .. T a (17) d .. D a 2 Arabicscript,transliter-ation, thealphabetPresented by letters in different positionsBelow each letter is Presented as it appears in different positions inconnected writing when using a computer or as written by hand.(18) .. Ayn(19) g .. G ayn(20) ..Fa (21) q .. Qa f(22) k .. Ka f(23) l .. La m(24) m .. M -m(25) n .. Nu n(26) ..Ha (27) w (*) .. Wa w(28) y .. Ya (1) (2) b (3) t (4) t (5) g (6) h (7) h (8) d (9) d (10) r 3 Arabicscript,transliter-ation, thealphabetPresented by (11) z (12) s (13) s (14) s (15) d (16) t (17) d (18) (19) g (20) f (21) q (22) k (23) l (24) m (25) n (26) h (27) w (28) y 4 Arabicscript,transliter-ation, thealphabetPresented by 2 Pronunciation of consonants(1) Alif This first letter has no pronunciation of its own.

9 One ofits main functions is to act as a bearer for the sign hamzah,discussed separately in chapter 7. Alif is also used as a long vowel/a / (see chapter 6).(2)Ba /b/ A voiced bilabial stop as the /b/ in English habit .(3)Ta /t/ An unaspirated voiceless dental stop as the t in English stop . Never pronounced as American English tt as in letter .(4)T a /t / A voiceless interdental fricative as th in English thick , tooth .(5)G m /g / A voiced palato-alveolar affricate. In reality, this let-ter has three different pronunciations depending on the dialectalbackground of the speaker:(a)In Classical Arabic and the Gulf area, as well as in manyother places in the Arab world, it is pronounced as a voicedpalato-alveolar affricate as the j in judge , journey , or the gin Italian giorno .(b)In Lower Egypt (Cairo, Alexandria) it is pronounced as avoiced velar stop as the g in English great.

10 (c)In North Africa and the Levant it is pronounced as a voicedpalato-alveolar fricative /z / as the s in English pleasure , andas j in French jour .(6)H a /h / This consonant has no equivalent in Europeanlanguages. It is pronounced in the pharynx by breathing withstrong friction and no uvular vibration or scrape, so that it soundsPresented by a loud whispering from the throat. It must be kept distinctfrom the sounds of /h / (7) and .. /h/ (26).(7)H a /h / This consonant occurs in many languages. It is avoiceless postvelar (before or after /i/) or uvular (before or after /a/or /u/) fricative, quite similar to the so-called ach-Laut in German Nacht or Scottish loch or the Spanish j in mujer , but in Arabicit has a stronger, rasping sound.(8)Da l /d/ A voiced dental stop as the d in English leader .(9)D a l /d / A voiced interdental fricative, as the th in English either.