Probability&Statistics - KSU Faculty

1 probability & Statisticsfor Engineers & ScientistsThis page intentionally left blank probability & Statistics forEngineers & ScientistsNINTH EDITIONR onald E. WalpoleRoanoke CollegeRaymond H. MyersVirginia TechSharon L. MyersRadford UniversityKeying YeUniversity of Texas at San AntonioPrentice HallEditor in Chief:Deirdre LynchAcquisitions Editor:Christopher CummingsExecutive Content Editor:Christine O BrienAssociate Editor:Christina LepreSenior Managing Editor:Karen WernholmSenior Production Project Manager:Tracy PatrunoDesign Manager:Andrea NixCover Designer:Heather ScottDigital Assets Manager:Marianne GrothAssociate Media Producer:Vicki DreyfusMarketing Manager:Alex GayMarketing Assistant:Kathleen DeChavezSenior Author Support/Technology Specialist:Joe VetereRights and Permissions Advisor:Michael JoyceSenior Manufacturing Buyer:Carol MelvilleProduction Coordination:Lifland et al.

2 BookmakersComposition:Keying YeCover photo:Marjory Dressler/Dressler Photo-GraphicsMany of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed astrademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and Pearson was aware of a trademark claim, thedesignations have been printed in initial caps or all of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataProbability & statistics for engineers & scientists/Ronald E. [et al.] 9th 978-0-321-62911-11. Engineering Statistical methods. 2. Probabilities. I. Walpole, Ronald 462 dc222010004857 Copyrightc 2012, 2007, 2002 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may bereproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical,photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher.

3 Printed in theUnited States of America. For information on obtaining permission for use of material in this work, please submita written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Rights and Contracts Department, 501 Boylston Street, Suite 900,Boston, MA 02116, fax your request to 617-671-3447, or e-mail at 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 EB 14 13 12 11 10 ISBN 10: 0-321-62911-6 ISBN 13: 978-0-321-62911-1 This book is dedicated toBilly and and , Carolyn and page intentionally left blank Introduction to Statistics and Data Overview: Statistical Inference, Samples, Populations, and theRole of Sampling Procedures; Collection of Measures of Location: The Sample Mean and Measures of Variability.

4 Discrete and Continuous Statistical Modeling, Scientific Inspection, and Graphical General Types of Statistical Studies: Designed Experiment,Observational Study, and Retrospective Study .. 302 Sample Counting Sample probability of an Event .. Additive Rules .. Conditional probability , Independence, and the Product Rule .. Bayes 76 Review Potential Misconceptions and Hazards; Relationship to Materialin Other 793 Random Variables and probability Concept of a Random Discrete probability Distributions .. Continuous probability Joint probability Distributions.

5 104 Review Potential Misconceptions and Hazards; Relationship to Materialin Other 1094 Mathematical Mean of a Random Variance and Covariance of Random Means and Variances of Linear Combinations of Random Variables Chebyshev s 137 Review Potential Misconceptions and Hazards; Relationship to Materialin Other 1425 Some Discrete probability Introduction and Binomial and Multinomial Distributions.. Hypergeometric Distribution .. Negative Binomial and Geometric Distributions .. Poisson Distribution and the Poisson 164 Review Potential Misconceptions and Hazards; Relationship to Materialin Other 169 Contentsix6 Some Continuous probability Continuous Uniform Normal Distribution.

6 Areas under the Normal Curve .. Applications of the Normal Distribution.. Normal Approximation to the Binomial .. Gamma and Exponential Distributions .. Chi-Squared Beta Lognormal Weibull Distribution (Optional) .. 206 Review Potential Misconceptions and Hazards; Relationship to Materialin Other Chapters.. 2097 Functions of Random Variables (Optional).. Transformations of Moments and Moment-Generating 2228 Fundamental Sampling Distributions andData Random Sampling .. Some Important Sampling Sampling Distribution of Means and the Central Limit Theorem. Sampling Distribution.

7 Quantile and probability Plots .. 259 Review Potential Misconceptions and Hazards; Relationship to Materialin Other Chapters.. 262xContents9 One- and Two-Sample Estimation Statistical Classical Methods of Estimation.. Single Sample: Estimating the Standard Error of a Point Prediction Tolerance Two Samples: Estimating the Difference between Two Means .. Paired Single Sample: Estimating a Proportion .. Two Samples: Estimating the Difference between Two Proportions Single Sample: Estimating the Variance .. Two Samples: Estimating the Ratio of Two Variances .. Maximum Likelihood Estimation (Optional).

8 312 Review Potential Misconceptions and Hazards; Relationship to Materialin Other 31610 One- and Two-Sample Tests of Statistical Hypotheses: General Concepts .. Testing a Statistical Hypothesis .. The Use ofP-Values for Decision Making in Testing Hypotheses. Single Sample: Tests Concerning a Single Mean .. Two Samples: Tests on Two Choice of Sample Size for Testing Graphical Methods for Comparing Means .. One Sample: Test on a Single Proportion.. Two Samples: Tests on Two Proportions .. One- and Two-Sample Tests Concerning Variances .. Goodness-of-Fit Test .. Test for Independence (Categorical Data).. Test for Two-Sample Case 382 Review Potential Misconceptions and Hazards; Relationship to Materialin Other Chapters.

9 38611 Simple Linear Regression and Introduction to Linear Regression .. The Simple Linear Regression Model .. Least Squares and the Fitted Properties of the Least Squares Inferences Concerning the Regression Coefficients.. Choice of a Regression Model .. Analysis-of-Variance Approach .. Test for Linearity of Regression: Data with Repeated Observations Data Plots and Simple Linear Regression Case Study.. 435 Review Potential Misconceptions and Hazards; Relationship to Materialin Other Chapters.. 44212 Multiple Linear Regression and CertainNonlinear Regression Estimating the Coefficients.. Linear Regression Model Using Matrices.

10 Properties of the Least Squares Inferences in Multiple Linear Regression.. Choice of a Fitted Model through Hypothesis Testing .. Special Case of Orthogonality (Optional).. Categorical or Indicator Sequential Methods for Model Study of Residuals and Violation of Assumptions (Model Check-ing).. Cross Validation,Cp, and Other Criteria for Model Special Nonlinear Models for Nonideal Conditions .. 500 Review Potential Misconceptions and Hazards; Relationship to Materialin Other 50613 One-Factor Experiments: Analysis-of-Variance Technique.. The Strategy of Experimental One-Way Analysis of Variance: Completely Randomized Design(One-Way ANOVA).