Processing and Utilization Legumes - APO

1 From: Processing and Utilizationof Legumes APO 2003, ISBN: 92-833-7012-0 Report of the APO Seminar on Processing andUtilization of LegumesJapan, 9 14 October 2000 Published by the Asian Productivity Organization1-2-10 Hirakawacho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0093, JapanTel: (81-3) 5226 3920 Fax: (81-3) 5226 3950E-mail: URL: and Permission to UseThis document is a part of the above-titled publication, and is provided in PDFformat for educational use. It may be copied and reproduced for personal use all other purposes, the APO's permission must first be responsibility for opinions and factual matter as expressed in this documentrests solely with its author(s), and its publication does not constitute anendorsement by the APO of any such expressed opinion, nor is it affirmation of theaccuracy of information herein editions of the entire publication may be available for limited forms may be downloaded from the APO s web ANDUTILIZATION OFLEGUMES2003 Asian Productivity OrganizationTokyoReport of the APO Seminar on Processing and Utilization of Legumesheld in Japan from 9 to 14 October 2000(SEM-23-00)This report has been edited by Dr.

2 Sundar Shanmugasundaram, Plant Breeder and Director,Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center, Tainan, Republic of opinions expressed in this publication do not reflect the official view of the APO. Forreproduction of the contents in part or in full, the APO's prior permission is required. Asian Productivity Organization, 2003 ISBN: 92-833-7012-0 FOREWORDThe phenomenal economic growth in Asia and the Pacific in recent decades hasresulted in significant improvements in living conditions in the region, as reflected in peopleexpanded choices of the food they eat. Lifestyle changes have also occurred due to otherfactors, including increased interest in better health. All of these developments havecontributed to major shifts in food consumption patterns, and more people are expressing apreference for healthier foods. In this context, Legumes are playing an increasingly importantrole as people rediscover their high nutritive value and health-enhancing , for example, are the most common legume and are now being hailed as themiracle food of the future.

3 Recent claims about their anticarcinogenic effects are stirringglobal interest in the commodity. Several Processing and packing technologies are now beingdeveloped to maximize the potential of soybeans. Soy-based food initiatives are beingpursued to address nutritional issues such as the development of low-cost, soy-fortified or-blended food, promotion of soy milk in school lunch programs, and fortification of soy saucewith potential of Legumes for meeting food requirements is great. However, in additionto developing the technologies for manufacturing legume-based products that are acceptableto consumers, there is also a need to undertake innovative marketing efforts and to educatethe public about their discuss the present situation of legume Processing and Utilization in membercountries and to identify measures to add more value-adding processes to legume products,the Asian Productivity Organization (APO) organized a Seminar on Processing andUtilization of Legumes from 9 to 14 October 2000 in Japan.

4 This publication is acompilation of the papers and proceedings of the seminar. I hope that it will serve as a usefulreference on the subject in APO member APO is grateful to the Government of Japan for hosting the seminar, in particularto the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries for providing financial and technicalassistance, to the Association for International Cooperation of Agriculture and Forestry forimplementing the program, and to the resource speakers for their valuable thanks are due to Dr. Sundar Shanmugasundaram for editing the present TAJIMAS ecretary-GeneralTokyoMarch 2003 TABLE OF CONTENTSF orewordPart ISummary of 3 Part IIResource Papers1. Present Situation and Economic Importance of Legumes inAsia and Pacific 172. Traditional Processing and Utilization of 533. Modern Processing and Utilization of Legumes Recent Researchand Industrial Achievements in Soybean Foods in Japan.

5 Akinori 63 Part IIIC ountry Papers1. Amiruzzaman and Md. 792. Republic of 913. India (1)..Jarnail Singh. 1064. India (2)..Nawab Ali. 1175. Suharto, H. Adang Kadarusmenand Catharina Danajanti. 1466. Islamic Republic of Reza Jahansooz. 1577. Republic of Lee. 1658. Mohd Nor. 1749. Gombosuren. 18710. D. Lekhak. 19411. Raza. 20512. M. Del Rosario. 22413. Sri Daya Ediriweera. 23414. Thanh Hiep. 244 Part IVAppendices1. List of Participants, Resource Speakers, and 2952. Program of 299- 3 -SUMMARY OF FINDINGSINTRODUCTIONThe Seminar on Processing and Utilization of Legumes which was organized by theAsian Productivity Organization (APO) and hosted by the Government of Japan was held inTokyo from 9 to 14 October 2000. The program was implemented by the Association forInternational Cooperation of Agriculture and Forestry (AICAF) in cooperation with theMinistry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF).

6 Fourteen participants from 13member countries, and three resources speakers from the Asian Vegetable Research andDevelopment Center (AVRDC), Thailand and Japan attended the objectives of the seminar were to: 1) discuss the present status of legume process-ing and Utilization in member countries; and 2) identify measures for promoting more value-adding activities in Legumes . The seminar consisted of the presentation and discussion ofresource papers, as well as country papers and field studies in Ibaraki and Tochigiprefectures. The resource papers focused on the following topics: 1) Present Situation andEconomic Importance of Legumes in Asia and Pacific Region; 2) Traditional Processing andUtilization of Legumes ; and 3) Modern Processing and Utilization of Legumes RecentResearch and Industrial Achievements in Soybean Foods in Japan . The country paper, onthe other hand, presented the present situation of legume production and consumption, aswell as future prospects of legume Processing and Utilization in respective highlights of the seminar are presented OF RESOURCE PAPERSP resent Situation and Economic Importance of Legumes (Sundar Shanmugasundaram)The Asia and Pacific region is home to three billion people.

7 Arable land, however, islimited, so countries are preoccupied with how to ensure self-sufficiency in cereals, the staplefood crops. Legumes have been branded as secondary crops. They have always beenrelegated to marginal lands and given only meager inputs. The risks associated withproducing these crops have also been high and research to improve Legumes has beenminimum. Resources have mostly gone instead to the Green Revolution, national and international research programs in Asia beganturning their attention to Legumes , due to the following reasons: 1) Legumes play a major rolein household food security; 2) they are the major source of protein, fat, supplemental energyand, more importantly, micronutrients ( Legumes complement the cereal diet of Asians);3) they are the primary source of protein for vegetarians and resource poor rural and urbanpeople; 4) they provide cash income to rural populations; 5) they help improve the soil forsustainable agriculture; 6) they diversify cropping systems (provide an alternative to cerealmonocropping); 7) they have a wide range of uses as food, feed and raw material forindustrial products; and 8) they are attractive to health-conscious consumers and medicalpractitioners.

8 To ensure household nutritional security, governments and internationalagencies should provide a positive policy environment and financial support to increaselegume production in the region, and quicken the pace of the slow runners as pulses beforehave been 4 -Plants provide almost 80 percent of the protein in the developing world. In almost allAsian countries, the major source of protein is Legumes . Area, production and productivityof pulses have begun to show positive growth. Research is beginning to pay off. Farmersare recognizing Legumes as important cash crops and countries are beginning to recognizelegumes export potential (which results in a spillover effect of increased domestic supply).Prices might decrease slightly, but this could be more than offset by significantly higheryields from improved cultivars. Area and production of pulses have increased in People sRepublic of China, India, Myanmar, Pakistan, Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam.

9 These increaseshave come primarily through productivity and area increases, especially in China, Myanmarand increase in total production was mostly due to the increase in area and productivityof dry beans. Mung bean, a short-duration legume, has contributed significantly to thisincrease. Improved mung bean cultivars from national programs and from AVRDC havebeen well accepted by farmers in China, Pakistan, Myanmar, Thailand, Indonesia,Philippines, Lao PDR, Cambodia and area and production of chickpea and pigeon pea increased between 1989 and a limited number of countries cultivate and consume these long-duration cultivars from national programs and International Crops Research Institute for theSemi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) are used by farmers in the region, but production growth hasbeen modest. Lentil production in Asia dropped between 1989 and 1999, but area andproduction of lentils have increased in Myanmar.

10 The increase in production of groundnutwas minimal between 1989 and 1998 in Asia. In recent years, groundnut has faced manycompetitors, such as rapeseed, sunflower, oil palm and soybean. Aflatoxin and other healthconcerns are inhibiting consumption. The production in China, India, Myanmar and Vietnamhas been is the king of the Legumes . China dominates in area and production. Growthstems mostly from productivity increase and to a limited extent through area increase. In thepast 20 years, India recorded spectacular increases in area and production of soybean. Froma meager 3,000 ha in 1969, cultivated area increased to more than six million ha by soybean production helped alleviate an edible oil crisis in India. Soybean meal isalso exported, earning for the country valuable foreign exchange. Myanmar, Pakistan andVietnam are also emerging producers, with increased area and production. Indonesia willcontinue to import limited quantities of soybean to supplement domestic production to meetdomestic demand.