Product White Paper

1 Product White Paper . Product White Paper of Tiger Neo N-type TOPCon Module 1. Background The technology market trends of Tiger Neo TOPCon N-type module Most are familiar with traditional P-type cell technology. With large-scale manufacturing of monocrystalline silicon wafers, P-type mono PERC cell technology has been deployed on a large majority of projects since 2017. Mainstream module manufactur- ers have used mono PERC due to a simple manufacturing process, low cost, and cell conversion e ciency improvements. However, the e ciency of PERC cells has approached a limit of , and cost reduction has also slowed. Meanwhile, new cell technology is developing rapidly, and N-type cells are most likely to replace P-type cells to become the next-generation mainstream technology.

2 The current technical roadmap for N-type cells is shown below. Among the options, TOPCon and HIT are the primary focus of the current N-type technology. The TOPCon cell applies cutting-edge and high-e ciency passiv- ation contact technology, and uses a micro-nano tunneling oxide layer and a carrier-selective microcrystalline silicon lm laminat- ed functional structure on the back. This innovative structure demonstrates a two-way improvement in passivation perfor- mance and electrical conductivity, which brings signi cant improvements in cell conversion e ciency and power generation performance. The highest e ciency of N-type cell is close to 25% in mass production, showing broad application prospects.

3 The traditional P-type cell uses a boron-doped silicon wafer substrate, which easily forms a boron-oxygen pair after initial In short, TOPCon and HIT achieve e ciency improvements illumination. It will lead to light-induced degradation after a through passivation to reduce the number of sub-surface recom- recombination center is formed by trapping electrons in the bination rates. The former uses tunneling oxide layers and HIT. silicon wafer substrate. In contrast, the N-type cell silicon wafer uses intrinsic amorphous silicon lm. The di erences in the substrate is doped with Phosphorus, so there is almost no loss of methods lead to the respective manufacturing processes, recombination center formed by the boron-oxygen pair, which resulting in the di erence in the commercial cost between the greatly reduces light-induced degradation.

4 For example, in two. TOPCon technology, the structure of the tunnel oxide layer further reduces the sub-surface recombination rate, which E ect of High-e ciency module on LCOE. greatly optimizes the cell conversion e ciency, and the upper limit can reach ~ With the rapid development of renewable energy around the world, Product White Paper of Tiger Neo N-type TOPCon Module land resources for projects are becoming increasingly scarce in many regions. Optimizing pro tability and land resource by 2. Technical highlights selecting the highest e ciency module is an important topic. Technical advance M10 silicon wafer The size of M10 silicon wafer is uniform to 182mm*182mm 182.

5 182. T h e LCO E d r i v e s m a r k e t d e m a n d , s o h i g h - p o w e r a n d Industrial end: the industrial chain includes silicon wafers, cells, high-e ciency modules have become a trend, and the N-type modules and auxiliary materials to reduce resource waste and module has an obvious e ect on reducing project costs. promote benign development;. JinkoSolar adheres to a philosophy of high power and high Customer end: the module size is nearly uniform, the system e ciency, and the company realizes the simultaneous enhance- design is simpli ed and the upstream and downstream collabora- ment of module power and e ciency by integrating large silicon tion are improved.

6 Wafers, multiple form factors (including 78 cell speci cation), multiple busbars, and stitch welding technologies. JinkoSolar's high-e ciency N-type monocrystalline silicon single-junction cell The trend chart of cell e ciency technology has been calibrated by JET testing laboratory, an authoritative third-party testing and certi cation organization in Japan, to achieve a maximum conversion e ciency of for the full-area cell, creating a new world record for the conversion e ciency of large-area N-type single crystal passivation contact ( TOPCon) cell. At this moment, N-type TOPCon has an obvious advantage in mass production e ciency, cost control, and market share. In the long run, as TOPCon cells develop, the constant improve- ment in e ciency will continue to increase the power di erence TOPCon technology between N and P-type modules.

7 The process optimization and new technology application will also continuously reduce costs. TOPCon cell technology is a new passivated contact solar cell developed by the Fraunhofer solar Energy Institute in Germany. Passivation is a key technology in determining maximum e cien- cy of the cell, as shown in the picture below. Power ( W ). Effi.(%). Eagle Cheetah/Swan Tiger Tiger Pro Tiger Neo 650 600 550. 500. 620. 450 540. 400 470. 380 405. 350 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021. Product White Paper of Tiger Neo N-type TOPCon Module Tiger Neo module with high e ciency Temperature coe cient Bifacial factor Bifacial factor 70% 85%. The temperature coe cient of a similar P-type module is while that of N-type is modi ed to.

8 This means the power generation performance is particu- larly outstanding at high temperature. Rear side Gain Rear side Gain Tiger Neo's power output will increase with the better- temperature coe cient ( higher compared with PERC . Under the same external environment, Tiger Neo's P-type N-type operating temperature is lower ( >1 % compared with the same speci cation P type ) and the heat loss is greatly reduced. Better warranty Under high temperature condition, the advantage will The power warranty can achieve 30 years compared further expand (~2% higher than P-type . to a traditional P-type module. The rst year degradation is lower than 1% which means the power output at year 30.))

9 Is guaranteed to be at least P-type 100%. 99%. N-type P-type N-type 98%. 95%. Bifacial factor 90%. The bifacial factor or traditional PERC module is 70% while 85%. that of TOPCon module is modi ed to 85%. The corre- 620. sponding power gain is around According to the 80%. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30. 540. N-type P-type formula, the power gain of traditional PERC module due to First year degradation 1%. the rear side power gain is while that of a TOPCon The linear degradation (2~30 years) module is 2 % more due to the 15% bifacial factor increase (under STC condition and average ground re ectivity). Power gain contrast due to the increase of bifacial factor 3.

10 System design PERC: BSI*Bi 70% The combination of inverters TOPCon: BSI*Bi 85% P*=Pfront* 1+BSI * Bi Inverter upgrades for high-current modules continue, and as of Q2 2022, the vast majority of inverters are compatible *Bi The module bifacial factor with existing Tiger Neo high-current modules. *BSI . Bifacial stress irradiance coe cient (depending on real irradiance & ground re ectivity). Product White Paper of Tiger Neo N-type TOPCon Module *The maximum operating current is calculated with the irradiance of 1000 in the standard working condition. The actual working condition is lower than this value, and the compatibility is easier to meet Satis ability unsatis ability Scenario Module Impp Supplier Imax / string Imax (expected) Deadline (expected).