PSPP Users’ Guide - GNU

1 PSPP Users GuideGNU PSPP Statistical Analysis SoftwareRelease manual is for GNU PSPP version , software for statistical 1997, 1998, 2004, 2005, 2009, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2016, 2019 Free SoftwareFoundation, is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under theterms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version or any later versionpublished by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, noFront-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is includedin the section entitled"GNU Free Documentation License".1 The authors wish to thank Network Theory their financial support in the production of this of Contents1 Your rights and Main PDF, PostScript, and SVG Output Plain Text Output HTML Output OpenDocument Output Comma-Separated Value Output The graphic user Preparation of Data Defining Listing the Reading data from a text Reading data from a Saving data to Reading data from other Exiting Data Screening and Identifying incorrect Dealing with suspicious Inverting negatively coded Testing data Testing for Hypothesis Testing for differences of Linear Forming commands of Syntax Types of Order of Handling missing Attributes of Variables Automatically Defined Lists of variable Input and Output Basic Numeric Custom Currency Legacy Numeric Binary and Hexadecimal Numeric Time and Date Date Component String Scratch Files Used File Backus-Naur Mathematical

2 Boolean Missing Values in Grouping Arithmetic Logical Relational Mathematical Miscellaneous Mathematical Trigonometric Missing-Value Set-Membership Statistical String Time & Date How times & dates are defined and Functions that Produce Functions that Examine Functions that Produce Functions that Examine Time and Date Miscellaneous Statistical Distribution Continuous Discrete Operator Data Input and BEGIN CLOSE FILE DATAFILE DATASET DATA DATA LIST DATA LIST DATA LIST END END FILE INPUT NEW MATRIX PRINT PRINT REPEATING System and Portable File APPLY GET Spreadsheet Postgres Database Textual Data Reading Delimited Reading Fixed Columnar SAVE DATA SAVE Writing Comma- and Tab-Separated Data SYSFILE Combining Data Common ADD MATCH Manipulating ADD VALUE DELETE MISSING MODIFY PRINT RENAME SORT VALUE VARIABLE VARIABLE VARIABLE VARIABLE VARIABLE VARIABLE WRITE Data SORT Selecting data for N OF SELECT SPLIT Conditional and Looping DO DO Bar LOGISTIC NPAR Binomial Chisquare Cochran Q Friedman Kendall s W Kolmogorov-Smirnov Kruskal-Wallis Mann-Whitney U McNemar Median Runs Sign Wilcoxon Matched Pairs Signed Ranks One Sample Independent Samples Paired Samples QUICK

3 ADD DISPLAY DISPLAY FILE DROP FILE PRESERVE and Input Selection Not How to report Function Command Concept A GNU Free Documentation Introductionpsppis a tool for statistical analysis of sampled data. It reads the data, analyzes the dataaccording to commands provided, and writes the results to a listing file, to the standardoutput or to a window of the graphical language accepted bypsppis similar to those accepted by spss statistical details ofpspp s language are given later in this tables and charts as output, which it can produce in several formats;currently, ASCII, PostScript, PDF, HTML, and DocBook are current version ofpspp, , is incomplete in terms of its statistical a work in progress.

4 The authors hope to fully support all features inthe products thatpsppreplaces, eventually. The authors welcome questions, comments,donations, and code submissions. SeeChapter 21 [Submitting Bug Reports], page 184, forinstructions on contacting the Your rights and obligationspsppis not in the public domain. It is copyrighted and there are restrictions on its distri-bution, but these restrictions are designed to permit everything that a good cooperatingcitizen would want to do. What is not allowed is to try to prevent others from furthersharing any version of this program that they might get from , we want to make sure that you have the right to give away copies ofpspp,that you receive source code or else can get it if you want it, that you can change theseprograms or use pieces of them in new free programs, and that you know you can do make sure that everyone has such rights, we have to forbid you to deprive anyone elseof these rights.

5 For example, if you distribute copies ofpspp, you must give the recipientsall the rights that you have. You must make sure that they, too, receive or can get thesource code. And you must tell them their , for our own protection, we must make certain that everyone finds out that thereis no warranty forpspp. If these programs are modified by someone else and passed on, wewant their recipients to know that what they have is not what we distributed, so that anyproblems introduced by others will not reflect on our , any free program is threatened constantly by software patents. We wish to avoidthe danger that redistributors of a free program will individually obtain patent licenses, ineffect making the program proprietary. To prevent this, we have made it clear that anypatent must be licensed for everyone s free use or not licensed at precise conditions of the license forpsppare found in the GNU General PublicLicense.

6 You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along withthis program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, FifthFloor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA. This manual specifically is covered by the GNU FreeDocumentation License (seeAppendix A [GNU Free Documentation License], page 197).43 Invokingpspppspphas two separate user interfaces. This chapter describespspp,pspp s command-linedriven text-based user interface. The following chapter briefly describes PSPPIRE, thegraphical user interface sections below describe thepsppprogram s command-line Main OptionsHere is a summary of all the options, grouped by type, followed by explanations in the the table, arguments to long options also apply to any corresponding short argumentssyntax-fileOutput options-o, --output=output-file-Ooption=value-O format=format-O device={terminal|listing}--no-output-e, --error-file=error-fileLanguage options-I, --include=dir-I-, --no-include-b, --batch-i, --interactive-r, --no-statrc-a, --algorithm={compatible|enhanced}-x, --syntax={compatible|enhanced}--syntax-e ncoding=encodingInformational options-h, --help-V, --versionOther options-s, --safer--testing-modesyntax-fileRead and execute the named syntax file.

7 If no syntax files are specified,psppprompts for commands. If any syntax files are specified,psppby default exitsafter it runs them, but you may make it prompt for commands by specifying - as an additional syntax output several different output drivers thatsupport output in various formats (use--helpto list the available formats).Chapter 3: Invokingpspp5 Specify this option more than once to produce multiple output files, presumablyin different - asoutput-fileto write output to standard no-ooption is used, thenpsppwrites text and CSV output to standardoutput and other kinds of output to whose name is based on the format, PDF an option for the output file configured by a preceding-o. Most optionsare specific to particular output formats. A few options that apply genericallyare listed format=formatpsppuses the extension of the file name given on-oto select an output this option to override this choice by specifying an alternate format, -O htmlto write HTML to a file Use--helpto list the available device={terminal|listing}Sets whetherpsppconsiders the output device configured by the preceding-oto be a terminal or a listing device.

8 This affects what output will be sent tothe device, as configured by the SET command s output routing subcommands(seeSection [SET], page 163). By default, output written to standardoutput is considered a terminal device and other output is considered a output entirely, if neither-onor-Ois also used. If one of those optionsis used,--no-outputhas no a file to receivepspperror, warning, and note messages in plaintext format. Use - aserror-fileto write messages to standard output. Thedefault error file is standard output in the absence of these options, but this issuppressed if an output device writes to standard output (or another terminal),to avoid printing every message twice. Use none aserror-fileto explicitlysuppress the the set of directories searched by theINCLUDE(seeSection [INCLUDE], page 161) andINSERT(seeSection [INSERT], page 161) all directories from the include path, including directories inserted inthe include path by default.

9 The default include path is.(the current direc-tory), followed the user s home directory, followed bypspp s systemconfiguration directory (usually/etc/psppor/usr/local/etc/pspp). Chapter 3: Invokingpspp6-b--batch-i--interactiveThe se options forces syntax files to be interpreted in batch mode or interac-tive mode, respectively, rather than the default auto mode. SeeSection [Syntax Variants], page 28, for a description of the default, at startuppsppsearches for a file namedrcin the include path(described above) and, if it finds one, runs the commands in it. This optiondisables this {enhanced|compatible}--algorithm={enhanc ed|compatible}Withenhanced, the default,psppuses the best implemented algorithms forstatistical procedures. Withcompatible, however,psppwill in some casesuse inferior algorithms to produce the same results as the proprietary commands have subcommands that override this setting on a per com-mand {enhanced|compatible}--syntax={enhanced| compatible}Withenhanced, the default,psppaccepts its own extensions beyond thosecompatible with the proprietary program spss .

10 Withcompatible,pspprejectssyntax that uses these the encoding for syntax files named on the commandline. Theencodingalso becomes the default encoding for other syntax filesread during thepsppsession by theINCLUDEandINSERT commands. SeeSection [INSERT], page 161, for the accepted forms a message describingpsppcommand-line syntax and the available deviceformats, then a brief message listingpspp s version, warranties you don t have, copyingconditions and copyright, and e-mail address for bug reports, then certain unsafe operations. This includes theERASEandHOSTcom-mands, as well as use of pipes as input and output heuristics to assist with testingpspp. For use bymake checkand 3: PDF, PostScript, and SVG Output OptionsTo produce output in PDF, PostScript, and SVG formats, specify-ofileon thepsppcom-mand line, optionally followed by any of the options shown in the table below to customizethe output , PostScript, and SVG output is only available if your installation ofpsppwascompiled with the Cairo format={pdf|ps|svg}Specify the output format.