psychology - IVCC

1 psychology CHAPTER Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. psychology , Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli J. Noland White third edition the science of psychology 1 Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. psychology , Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli J. Noland White Learning Objectives LO Definition and Goals of psychology LO Structuralism and Functionalism LO Early Gestalt, Psychoanalysis, and Behaviorism LO Modern Perspectives: Skinner, Maslow, and Rogers LO Psychiatrist, Psychologist, and Other Professionals LO psychology Is a Science; Steps in the Scientific Method LO Naturalistic and Laboratory Settings LO Case Studies and Surveys LO Correlational Technique LO Experimental Approach and Terms LO Placebo and the Experimenter Effects LO Conducting a Real Experiment LO Ethical Concerns in Conducting Research LO Principles of Critical Thinking Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

2 All rights reserved. psychology , Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli J. Noland White What Is psychology ? psychology : the scientific study of behavior and mental processes behavior: outward or overt actions and reactions mental processes: internal, covert activity of our minds LO Definition and Goals of psychology Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. psychology , Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli J. Noland White psychology is a Science Prevent possible biases from leading to faulty observations. Precise and careful measurement LO Definition and Goals of psychology Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. psychology , Third Edition Saundra K.

3 Ciccarelli J. Noland White psychology s Four Goals Description What is happening? Explanation Why is it happening? theory: general explanation of a set of observations or facts LO Definition and Goals of psychology Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. psychology , Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli J. Noland White psychology s Four Goals Prediction Will it happen again? Control How can it be changed? LO Definition and Goals of psychology Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. psychology , Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli J. Noland White Structuralism Structuralism focused on the structure or basic elements of the mind LO Structuralism and Functionalism Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

4 All rights reserved. psychology , Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli J. Noland White Structuralism Wilhelm Wundt s psychology laboratory Germany in 1879 developed the technique of objective introspection: the process of objectively examining and measuring one s thoughts and mental activities LO Structuralism and Functionalism Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. psychology , Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli J. Noland White Structuralism Edward Titchener Wundt s student; brought structuralism to America Margaret Washburn Titchener s student; first woman to earn a in psychology Structuralism died out in the early 1900s. LO Structuralism and Functionalism Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

5 All rights reserved. psychology , Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli J. Noland White Functionalism Functionalism how the mind allows people to adapt, live, work, and play Proposed by William James Influenced the modern fields of: educational psychology evolutionary psychology industrial/organizational psychology LO Structuralism and Functionalism Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. psychology , Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli J. Noland White Gestalt psychology Gestalt good figure psychology Started with Wertheimer, who studied sensation and perception Gestalt ideas are now part of the study of cognitive psychology , a field focusing not only on perception but also on learning, memory, thought processes, and problem solving.

6 LO Early Gestalt, Psychoanalysis, and Behaviorism Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. psychology , Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli J. Noland White Figure A Gestalt Perception The eye tends to fill in the blanks hereand sees both of these figures as circles rather than as a series of dots or a broken line. Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. psychology , Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli J. Noland White Psychoanalysis Psychoanalysis: the theory and therapy based on the work of Sigmund Freud Freud s patients suffered from nervous disorders with no apparent physical cause. Freud proposed the existence of an unconscious (unaware) mind into which we push or repress all of our threatening urges and desires.

7 LO Early Gestalt, Psychoanalysis, and Behaviorism Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. psychology , Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli J. Noland White Psychoanalysis Freud s patients suffered from nervous disorders with no apparent physical cause. He believed that these repressed urges, in trying to surface, created nervous disorders. Freud stressed the importance of early childhood experiences. LO Early Gestalt, Psychoanalysis, and Behaviorism Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. psychology , Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli J. Noland White Behaviorism Behaviorism the science of behavior that focuses on observable behavior only must be directly seen and measured LO Early Gestalt, Psychoanalysis, and Behaviorism Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

8 All rights reserved. psychology , Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli J. Noland White Behaviorism Proposed by John B. Watson based on the work of Ivan Pavlov, who demonstrated that a reflex could be conditioned (learned) Watson believed that phobias were learned. case of Little Albert : taught to fear a white rat LO Early Gestalt, Psychoanalysis, and Behaviorism Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. psychology , Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli J. Noland White Behaviorism Mary Cover Jones: an early pioneer in behavior therapy LO Early Gestalt, Psychoanalysis, and Behaviorism Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. psychology , Third Edition Saundra K.

9 Ciccarelli J. Noland White Modern Perspectives Psychodynamic perspective: modern version of psychoanalysis more focused on the development of a sense of self and the discovery of other motivations behind a person s behavior than sexual motivations LO Modern Perspectives: Skinner, Maslow, and Rogers Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. psychology , Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli J. Noland White Modern Perspectives Behavioral Perspective B. F. Skinner studied operant conditioning of voluntary behavior. Behaviorism became a major force in the twentieth century. Skinner introduced the concept of reinforcement to behaviorism. LO Modern Perspectives: Skinner, Maslow, and Rogers Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

10 All rights reserved. psychology , Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli J. Noland White Modern Perspectives Humanistic Perspective Owes far more to the early roots of psychology in the field of philosophy Humanists held the view that people have free will: the freedom to choose their own destiny. Early founders: Abraham Maslow Carl Rogers LO Modern Perspectives: Skinner, Maslow, and Rogers Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. psychology , Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli J. Noland White Modern Perspectives Humanistic Perspective Emphasized the human potential, the ability of each person to become the best person he or she could be self-actualization: achieving one s full potential or actual self LO Modern Perspectives: Skinner, Maslow, and Rogers Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.