Quantitativeresearchfindingson RAPE - Statistics …

1 StatisticsSouthAfrica,2000 Authors: :StatisticsSouthAfrica, :,SebleWorku, (LCSH16)Thispublication,includingthedata onwhichitisbased, ,nopartofitmaybereproducedorcopiedinanyf ormatorbyanyprocess,andnoreproductionorc opymaybesold, ,ResearchandDevelopmentStatisticsSouthAf ricaMarkOrkinHeadStatisticsSouthAfricaRo sHirschowitzMarkOrkinStatsSALibraryCatal oguing-in-Publication(CIP)DataStatsSAack nowledgesthefollowinginstitutionsandindi vidualsfortheircontributiontothereport: MsAnneLetsebe,DeputyDirectorGeneralandHe adofCabinetOfficeintheOfficeofthePreside nt. DrMarkShaw,DirectorofMonitoringandAnalys isintheDepartmentofSafetyandSecurity,and hiscolleagues. DrLorraineGlanz,DirectorofCrimeStatistic sintheDepartmentofJustice,andhercolleagu es. DrRachelJewkes,DirectoroftheWomen'sHealt hResearchUnit,MedicalResearchCouncil,and hercolleaguesfromtheMedicalResearchCounc ilandtheDepartmentofHealth. DrChrisdeKock,Head:CrimeInformationAnaly sisCentre,andhiscolleaguesoftheSouthAfri canPoliceServices.

2 TheDepartmentofCorrectionalServices. MrTonyTrew,andhiscolleaguesintheGovernme ntCommunicationandInformationSystem. : NationalLibraryofSouthAfrica,PretoriaDiv ision NationalLibraryofSouthAfrica,CapeTownDiv ision LibraryofParliament,CapeTown BloemfonteinPublicLibrary NatalSocietyLibrary,Pietermaritzburg JohannesburgPublicLibrary EasternCapeLibraryServices,KingWilliam sTown CentralRegionalLibrary,Pietersburg CentralReferenceLibrary,Nelspruit CentralReferenceCollection,Kimberley CentralReferenceLibrary,MmabathoContents PageExecutivesummaryChapter1:Introductio nChapter2:NationalandprovincialsurveysCh apter3:Statisticsfromregistersandotherre cordsChapter4:Localisedorsmallscalesurve ysAppendixA:MajorsurveysAppendixB:Minors urveysReferencesIncidenceandprevalenceof rape1 Profileofthevictimsandvictim offenderrelationships2 Outcomeofreportingrapetothepolice2 Internationalcomparison3 Reliabilityandvalidityofrapestatistics3 Background5 Defininganddistinguishingthecrimeofrape5 Difficultiesincollectingrapestatistics6 Availablesourcesofdata6 Structureoftherestofthereport7 Thevictimsofcrimesurveyof19989 Violenceagainstwomeninthreeprovinces(199 8)15 TheSouthAfricandemographicandhealthsurve yof199816 CrimeinformationanalysiscentreoftheSouth AfricanPoliceServices21 Riskfactorsassociatedwithrape24 Sentencesbeingservedbysexualoffenders27 Internationalcomparison27 Integration28 Changeandcontinuity:AsurveyofSowetointhe late1990s29 ViolenceagainstwomeninmetropolitanSouthA frica29 Cityvictimsurveys30 Theroleofthepoliceinthepreventionofsexua lviolence31 Rapesurveillancethroughthedistrictsurgeo nofficesinJohannesburg,1996-199832 Domesticviolenceagainstwomen.

3 Acloselookatintimatepartnerviolence33 Durbanmetropolitanstudy33 RapeCrisis-CapeTownstatisticsfor199833 Commonfindingsacrossthestudies34 Cautions34 ListoffiguresandtablesTable1:Numberandpe rcentageofwomensexuallyabusedorrapedbypo pulationgroup(allfiguresareweightedtothe population)11 Table2:Circumstancesofrapeinthe(allfigur esareweighted)13 Table3:Whetherornotaweaponwasusedinthera peepisode(allfiguresareweighted)13 Table4:Therateofreportingrapetothepolice andreasonsfornotreporting(allfiguresarew eighted)14 Table5:Numberandpercentageofwomenaged15 49yearseverraped,bypopulationgroupandage 18 Table6:Casesofrapeorattemptedrapereporte dtotheSouthAfricanPoliceServicesin199822 Table7:Outcomeof1998investigationsofcase sofrapeorattemptedrapereportedtotheSouth AfricanPoliceServices23 Table8:Numberandpercentageofvariouscateg oriesofcrimesreportedin199823 Table9:Convictionratesofrapesorattempted rapesreportedin199824 Table10:Datafromdocketstudyconductedbyth eCrimeInformationAnalysisCentre25 Table11:Sentencedprisonersconvictedofsex ualoffencesbyageandprovince,199827 Table12:Rapestatisticsfromselectedcountr ies28 TableA1 Datafrom35 TableA2:Datafromthe:numberandpercentageo fwomenaged15 49yearswhowereeverraped,bypopulationgrou pandprovince36 TableA3:DatafromtheSouthAfricandemograph icandhealthsurvey:relationshipofoffender tovictimandrateofreportingtothepolice37 TableB1:DatafromTableB2:Datafrom40 TableB3:Datafrom4142 PageFigure1:Percentageofrespondentsinthe whosaidtheywererapedinthefiveyearspriort othestudybyageatthetimeoftheinterview(al lfiguresareweighted)12 Figure2:Thedayofweekwhentherapeoccurred2 6 TableB4:Datafrom41 TableB5.

4 DatafromVictimsofcrimesurveyRapeCrisisCa peTownstatisticalreport1998 Rapesurveillancethroughdistrictsurgeonof ficesinVictimsofcrimesurveyViolenceagain stwomeninthreeSouthAfricanprovincesSouth AfricandemographicandhealthsurveyChangea ndcontinuity:AsurveyofSowetointhelate199 0s39 ViolenceagainstwomeninmetropolitanSouthA fricaCrimeinPretoria:resultsofacityvicti msurveyJohannesburg,1996-1998 PLEASETURNTHEPAGEI ncidenceandprevalenceofrapeThisstudyprov idesanoverviewofavailableliteratureonthe prevalenceandincidenceofrapeinSouthAfric a, , ,althoughapproachedfromdifferentperspect ivesandusingdiversemethods, ,altogether,atagivenpointintime,forexamp le, ,ontheotherhand,referstothenumberofcases overaspecifiedtimeperiod,forexample, , , ,StatsSAcontinuestofollowthisreportingme thod, ,andtheresultingincidenceofrapecanbecomp aredtotheincidenceofothercrimesinSouthAf rica,forexamplecartheft, ,forexample twowomanarerapedeveryminute , , , , (Sincesomewomenwererapedmorethanonce,the actualincidencewas143per100000ofthepopul ation.)

5 Italsomeansthatapproximately0,4% (Mpumalanga,EasternCapeandNorthernProvin ce)in1998,bytheMedicalResearchCouncil, (approximatelyhalfofthosewhosaidtheyhadb eenraped).VictimsofcrimesurveyViolenceag ainstwomenVictimsofcrimesurveyExecutives ummarySouthAfricanpolicestatisticsonthei ncidenceofrapereportedtothepolice,ascalc ulatedforInterpol,whichincludeattemptedr apeandrapeofchildren, , , Victimsofrapetendtobeyoungerwomen,agedfr om16to25years(2,7%ofallwomeninthisagecat egorysaidtheyhadbeenrapedinthefiveyearsp riortotheinterviewofMarch1998,comparedwi th1,8%ofallwomenagedbetween26and45yearsd uringthistimeperiod),althoughrapeoccursi nallagegroups. ,34,6% ,4%,butthispercentagetendstoincreasewith theageofthewoman. Amongthoserapesreportedtothepoliceahighe rproportion(55,3%)weresaidtohavebeencomm ittedbystrangers,accordingtotheoftheUniv ersityofSouthAfrica(Unisa). Thefoundthat88,1% ,womenwererapedwiththethreatofphysicalin jury,andoftenwiththeuseofknives(68,0%)or atgunpoint(16,5%).

6 Almosthalfofallrapes(47,3%)occurredinsid ethehomesofvictims. Findingsfromtherapedocketsanalysisshowth at,ofrapesoccurredmorefrequentlythanthea verageonSaturdays(23,7%ofallreportedcase s),particularlybetween19h00and01h00. Severalstudiesconfirmthefindingthatappro ximatelyhalfofallrespondentswhoexperienc edrapereportedtheincidenttothepolice. Policestatisticsshowthat47,6% ,ofthecasesreferredtocourt,45,6%werewith drawnincourt,andafurther4,5% ,RapesurveillanceprojectVictimsofcrimesu rveyVictimsofcrimesurveyProfileofthevict imsandvictim offenderrelationshipsOutcomeofreportingr apetothepolicethosecasesreportedtothepol ice, Ofthe22121reportedcasesthatwenttocourt,o nlyafifth(19,8%)resultedintheconvictiono ftheaccused. DataobtainedfromtheDepartmentofCorrectio nalServicesshowthatamongprisonersjailedf orsexualoffences,9,2%wereundertheageof20 ,31,6%wereagedbetween20and25years,and59, 2%wereolderthan25yearsofage. TheSouthAfricanpolicestatisticsmentioned earlier(120casesper100000reportedtothepo lice,includingattemptedrapeandrapeofchil dren)arehigherthanthereportedratesinneig hbouringAfricancountries,forexample,Bots wana(68)andSwaziland(59) ,infact,thehighestamongInterpolmembers.

7 Thedatausedforthissummaryweredrawnfromse veralsources,basedonstudiesusingconsider ablydifferentmethodsofdatacollectionandw ithverydifferentobjectives,andnotspecifi callyfocusedontheincidenceofrape. ,thestudieswerebasedonsmallsamplesizes. Eveninthosemoregeneralsurveyswithrelativ elylargenumbers, ,theactualnumberoffemalerespondentsinthe sampleof4000adultsforthewhosaidtheyhadbe enrapedin1997wasrathersmall. , ,altogether,atagivenpointintime,forexamp le, ,ontheotherhand,referstothenumberofcases overaspecifiedtimeperiod,forexample, ,forexampletheexperienceofthevictim,thee xtentoftrauma, ,thereforetheyareexcludedfromthisreview, , ,psychological, , (SouthAfricanLawCommission,1999)Firstlyw elookatgender-basedviolence, ,orislikelytoresultinphysical,sexualorps ychologicalharmorsufferingtowomen,includ ingthreatsofsuchacts,coercionorarbitrary deprivationofliberty, :abuse, ,emotional, ,throughtoforcedoralsex, ,inlegaltermsisdefinedastheunlawfulandin tentionalapplicationofforcetoanotherpers on,ormakingthepersonbelievethatsuchforce willimmediatelybeapplied, ,accordingtoSouthAfricanlaw, consistsinamanhavingunlawful, spenis.

8 (SouthAfricanLawCommission,1999, ).Atpresent,inexistinglegislation,theoff enceisgenderspecificinthatitcanonlybecom mittedbyaman, , , , , ,however, (boyfriendorhusband) : ThebyStatisticsSouthAfrica,1998bytheMedi calResearchCouncil,1999 The,bytheMedicalResearchCouncilandtheDep artmentofHealthoftheSouthAfricanPoliceSe rvices:bytheSouthAfricanPoliceServices DataobtainedfromtheDepartmentofCorrectio nalServicesDifficultiesincollectingrapes tatisticsAvailablesourcesofdataNationala ndprovincialstudiesVictimsofcrimesurvey ViolenceagainstwomeninthreeSouthAfricanp rovincesSouthAfricandemographicandhealth survey1998 Statisticsfromregistersandotherrecordeds ources Crimeinformationanalysiscentre(CIAC)Quar terlycrimereport3/98, DataobtainedfromtheSouthAfricanPoliceSer vices DataobtainedfromtheInternationalCriminal PoliceOrganisationbytheDepartmentofSocio logyoftheUniversityoftheWitwatersrandbyt heInstituteforSecurityStudiesbytheInstit uteforSecurityStudiesbytheSouthernMetrop olitanLocalCouncilbytheHealthandPsycholo gyUnitoftheUniversityofSouthAfrica,1998, bytheMedicalResearchCouncil,bytheMedical ResearchCouncil,undertakenin1996, ,results, ,themostimportantfindingsfromnationaland provincialsurveyfindingsarediscussed,whi leinChapter3,thefocusisonstatisticsandre searchfromtheDepartmentsofSafetyandSecur ity, ,andwaysinwhichtheyareinter-relatedandsu pportthefindingsoftheearlier, Changeandcontinuity:asurveyofSowetointhe late1990s ViolenceagainstwomeninmetropolitanSouthA frica,July1997toFebruary1998 CrimeinPretoria/Johannesburg/Durban/Cape Town:Resultsofacityvictimsurvey,July1997 toFebruary1998 Preventionofsexualviolence.

9 AsocialauditoftheroleofthepoliceintheSou thMetropolitanLocalAuthority,1998 Rapesurveillancethroughdistrictsurgeonof ficesinJohannesburg,1996-1998 Domesticviolenceagainstwomen:acloselooka tintimatepartnerviolence TheDurbanmetropolitanpilotstudy RapeCrisisStatisticsReport1998 StructureoftherestofthereportPLEASETURNT HEPAGEC hapter2 NationalandprovincialsurveysInthischapte r, :Theof1998conductedbyStatisticsSouthAfri ca,bytheMedicalResearchCouncil,1998, ,noonesurveyfocusesonlyonrape, (UNDP),withtechnicalassistancefromtheUni tedNationsInterregionalCrimeandJusticeRe searchInstitute(Unicri) :firstlyaprobabilitysampleof800enumerato rareas(EAs)wasdrawnfromthesamplingframeo f86000 EAs, ,withineachofthe800 EAs,fivehouseholdswereselectedforintervi ewing, , ; :populationgroup,age, ,wehavefocusedonanswersgiventothequestio nsaskedonsexualabusegenerally, ,1%ofwomenaged16yearsormoreacrosspopulat iongroups(N=337000) : 2,7%ofcoloured,2,7%ofIndian,2,2%ofAfrica nand0,9%ofwhitewomenaged16yearsormorerep ortedsexualabuseduringthistimeperiod.

10 Amongthosewhohadbeensexuallyabused,82,3% (N=277000)describedtheeventasrape. Oneinfive(19,9%) ,thenumberofincidentsbecomes143per100000 ofthepopulationin1997. Morethanhalf, ,2%ofthisnumber, (excludingchildrenundertheageof16years). Thetablefurthershowsthat65,4%ofallwomeni nthestudywhowereraped(N=181000)saidthatt hiseventtookplacebetween1993and1996. Another3,4%oftherapedrespondentssaidthat theeventtookplacein1998,beforetheMarchin terview. Amongwomenwhohadbeenraped,8,9%saidthatth eywererapedonmorethanoneoccasion. Relativelyfew(2,4%) , ,2,7% ,however,only0,3% , , :Numberandpercentageofwomensexuallyabuse dorrapedbypopulationgroup(allfiguresarew eightedtothepopulation)*Includingunspeci fiedpopulationgroup**JanuarytoMarchSourc e:StatisticsSouthAfrica(1998),Victimsofc rimesurveyAfricanColouredIndianWhiteTota lN%N%N%N%N%Womensexuallyabusedinthepastf iveyearsYes2655842,2416722,7135152,71579 90,93365702,1No1197835297,8149769397,348 534597,3181266399,1*1581927897,9 Unspecified49200,000,000,000,049200,0 Total12248856100,01539365100,0498860100, 01828462100,016155848100,0 Amongsexuallyabusedwomen,thoseinthepastf iveyearsrapedYes21825382,23620386,967585 0,015799100,027701282,3No4733117,8546913 ,1675850,000,05955817,7 Total265584100,041672100,013516100,01579 9100,0336570100,0 Amongthoseraped,yearofrape1993 199614846568,02602971,96758100,000,01812 5265,419974963722,7541014,900,000,055047 19,9**199894924,300,000,000,094923,4 Morethanonce41011,9476413,200,015799100, 0246648,9 Unspecified65573,000,000,000,065572,4 Total218252100,036203100,06758100,015799 100,0277012100,0 Figure1.