Radar Systems Engineering Lecture 17 Transmitters …

1 IEEE New Hampshire SectionRadar Systems Course 1 XMTR & RCVR 1/1/2010 IEEE AES SocietyRadar Systems Engineering Lecture 17 Transmitters & ReceiversDr. Robert M. O DonnellIEEE New Hampshire SectionGuest Lecturer Radar Systems Course 2 XMTR & RCVR 1/1/2010 IEEE New Hampshire SectionIEEE AES SocietyPulseCompressionReceiverClutter Rejection( doppler Filtering)A / DConverterBlock Diagram of Radar SystemAntennaPropagationMediumTargetRada rCrossSectionTransmitterGeneral Purpose ComputerTrackingDataRecordingParameterEs timation WaveformGenerationDetectionPowerAmplifie rT / RSwitchSignal Processor ComputerThresholdingUser Displays and Radar ControlPhoto ImageCourtesy of US Air ForceThis Lecture will cover all of the subsystems in the red dashed boxRadar Systems Course 3 XMTR & RCVR 1/1/2010 IEEE New Hampshire SectionIEEE AES SocietyRadar Range Equation Revisited Parameters Affected by Transmitter/Receiver Radar range equation for search (S/N = signal to noise ratio)

2 S/N of target can be enhanced by Higher transmitted power Pav Lower system losses L Minimize system temperature Ts L T k R 4 t AP S/Ns4seav =The design of Radar transmitter/receiver affects these three parameters directlyPav = average power e = antenna areats = scan time for Pav = average power = Radar cross section = solid angle searchedR = target rangeTs = system temperatureL = system lossCourtesy of MIT Lincoln LaboratoryUsed with PermissionRadar Systems Course 4 XMTR & RCVR 1/1/2010 IEEE New Hampshire SectionIEEE AES SocietyOutline Transmitters Receivers and Waveform Generators Other Transmitter / Receiver Subsystems Radar Receiver-Transmitter Architectures SummaryRadar Systems Course 5 XMTR & RCVR 1/1/2010 IEEE New Hampshire SectionIEEE AES SocietyOutline Transmitters Introduction Block Diagram High Power Tube Amplifiers Klystron Traveling Wave Tube Crossed Field Amplifier Magnetron Solid State RF Power Amplifiers T/R Modules Receivers and Waveform Generators Other Transmitter / Receiver Subsystems Radar Receiver-Transmitter Architectures SummaryRadar Systems Course 6 XMTR & RCVR 1/1/2010 IEEE New Hampshire SectionIEEE AES SocietyIntroduction Ideal Transmitter Provides sufficient energy to detect the target Easily modulated to produce desired waveforms Generate stable noise free signal for good clutter rejection Provide needed tunable bandwidth High efficiency High reliability Easily maintainable Long life Small and light weight for the intended application Affordable Obviously compromise is necessary !

3 Radar Systems Course 7 XMTR & RCVR 1/1/2010 IEEE New Hampshire SectionIEEE AES SocietySimplified Radar Transmitter/Receiver System Block DiagramReceiverLNAF ilterA/DCovertersHPAF ilterDuplexerWaveformGeneratorHigh Power Transmit Sections(~100 W to ~MW)Low Power Transmit Section(~100mw to ~1W) Radar transmitter and receiver can be divided into two major subsystems: Low power transmit and receive sections Radar waveform generator and receiver High power transmitter sectionsLow Power Receive Sections(~ w to ~mW)ToSignalProcessorHPA = High Power AmplifierLNA = Low Noise AmplifierRadar Systems Course 8 XMTR & RCVR 1/1/2010 IEEE New Hampshire SectionIEEE AES SocietyBlock Diagram of High Power Tube TransmitterCrowbarUnitHigh VoltageSwitch GearSCRC ontrollerHigh VoltagePower Supply& RectifierCapacitorBank andRegulatorHigh VoltagePulseModulatorHigh PowerAmplifier TubeandSolenoidTransmitterProtectionSyst emRF IPA& MicrowaveNetworkFaultLogic UnitTransmitterControlSystemTransmitterC onsoleHigh VoltageSectionPrimaryPowerSourceTransmit ter andSystem InputsHighPowerRFOutputTransmitterContro lConsole &TransmitterProtectionSystemTransmitter Gating /TimingTransmitterFunctionsRF InputSystem TimingandTransmitter InputsTransmitterInputsControl SectionHigh DC Voltage.

4 High Power InputPulseModulatorPowerAmplifierIPA=Int ermediate Power AmplifierRadar Systems Course 9 XMTR & RCVR 1/1/2010 IEEE New Hampshire SectionIEEE AES SocietyOutline Introduction Transmitters Introduction Block Diagram High Power Tube Amplifiers Klystron Traveling Wave Tube Crossed Field Amplifier Magnetron Solid State RF Power Amplifiers T/R Modules Receivers and Waveform Generators Radar Receiver-Transmitter Architectures SummaryRadar Systems Course 10 XMTR & RCVR 1/1/2010 IEEE New Hampshire SectionIEEE AES SocietyKlystron High Power Amplifier First developed in early 1950s Bandwidth as great as 12% RF conversion efficiency 35 - 50% Coherent- pulse to pulseThree Cavity KlystronCollectorRF CavitiesRFOutRFInCathodeHeaterAnodeModul atingAnodeDriftSpaceElectron BeamCollectorInteraction GapsRF SectionElectron GunAdapted from SkolnikReference 1 Radar Systems Course 11 XMTR & RCVR 1/1/2010 IEEE New Hampshire SectionIEEE AES SocietyKlystron How It Works Electron gun generates electron beam (X rays produced/shielding required) RF section composed of several resonators (resonant cavities)

5 RF is coupled in by waveguide through slot in cavity or coax RF input is used to modulate the electron stream into bunches Resonant frequency of cavity is identical to RF input frequency causing cavity to oscillate Oscillations in electric field modulate speed of electron beam into bunches Resonant cavity at output extracts the RF power from the density modulated beam and delivers power to output transmission lineRF CavitiesRF InRF OutCollectorElectron BeamElectron GunAdapted from SkolnikReference 1 Radar Systems Course 12 XMTR & RCVR 1/1/2010 IEEE New Hampshire SectionIEEE AES SocietyExample S-Band KlystronVA-87F / VKS-8287 Air Surveillance / Weather Radar 6 cavity, S BandTunable over to GHzPeak Power up to MWAve Power up to 3 kWGain 50 dB Efficiency 45 %Bandwidth 30 MHz Duration up to secCourtesy of CPI. Used with Systems Course 13 XMTR & RCVR 1/1/2010 IEEE New Hampshire SectionIEEE AES SocietyMIT/LL Millstone Hill Radar Klystron Tubes (Vacuum Devices) Originally designed in early 1960 s Originally designed in early 1960 sOutput deviceKlystrons (2)Center Frequency1295 MHzBandwidth8 MHzPeak Power3 MWAverage Power120 kWPulse Width1 msBeam Width Diameter84 ftCourtesy of MIT Lincoln LaboratoryUsed with PermissionRadar Systems Course 14 XMTR & RCVR 1/1/2010 IEEE New Hampshire SectionIEEE AES SocietyHow Big are High Power Klystron Tubes ?

6 Millstone Hill Radar Transmitter Room1 kW Peak Solid State Driver Amplifier RoomFlex Waveguide Output flangesWaveguide Harmonic Filter200 antenna waveguideWater Coolant Hoses, 70 Gal/minWaveguide outputVarian X780 Klystron $400,000/tube 7 ft (height) x 1ft (diameter) 600 lbs 3% duty cycle 42 dB gain 600W peak input drive levelVarian X780 Klystron $400,000/tube 7 ft (height) x 1ft (diameter) 600 lbs 3% duty cycle 42 dB gain 600W peak input drive levelVacuum PumpSpare TubeCourtesy of MIT Lincoln LaboratoryUsed with PermissionRadar Systems Course 15 XMTR & RCVR 1/1/2010 IEEE New Hampshire SectionIEEE AES SocietyTraveling Wave Tube Capable of wide bandwidth at high power Expensive Similar to Klystron, linear beam tubes Interaction between RF field and electron beam over length of tube RF wave mixes with electron beam and transfers DC energy from electron beam to increase energy of RF wave, causing wave to be amplifiedCathodeElectron BeamGun AnodeHelix InteractionRegionHeaterRF InCollectorAttenuationRF OutAdapted from SkolnikReference 1 Radar Systems Course 16 XMTR & RCVR 1/1/2010 IEEE New Hampshire SectionIEEE AES SocietyPhotograph of Traveling Wave Tubes Another Type of Tube AmplifiersX BandVTX-5681C COUPLED CAVITYTWTC enter Freq : GHzBandwidth : 1 GHzPeak Power : 100 kW Duty Cycle : 35 %Gain.

7 50 dBS BandVTS-5753 COUPLED CAVITYTWTC enter Freq : GHzBandwidth : 400 MHz Peak Power : 160 kWDuty Cycle : 8 %Gain : 43 dB~ 8 ftS-Band Transmitter Courtesy of MIT Lincoln LaboratoryUsed with PermissionRadar Systems Course 17 XMTR & RCVR 1/1/2010 IEEE New Hampshire SectionIEEE AES SocietyCrossed Field Amplifier (CFA) Capable of : High coherent power Good efficiency Wide bandwidth Relatively low gain (10 dB) Generally noisier and less stableSimplifiedRepresentationof CFA Resembles magnetron and employs crossed electric and magnetic fields Electrons emitted from cylindrical cathode Under action of crossed electromagnetic fields, electrons form rotating bunches Bunches of electrons drift in phase with RF signal and transfer their DC energy to the RF wave to produce amplificationCathodeAnodeandSlow-waveCir cuitControlElectrodeRFInDriftRegionRFOut Radar Systems Course 18 XMTR & RCVR 1/1/2010 IEEE New Hampshire SectionIEEE AES SocietyCrossed Field AmplifierX-Band ( to GHZ)Peak Output Power 900 kWDuty Cycle.

8 1%Pulsewidth secLiquid cooledCPI SFD 233 GCourtesy of CPI. Used with Systems Course 19 XMTR & RCVR 1/1/2010 IEEE New Hampshire SectionIEEE AES SocietyComparison of Different Types of High Power Amplifier TubesKlystronTraveling Wave TubeCrossed Field AmplifierVoltage1 MW requires 90kV1 MW requires 90kV1 MW requires 40kVGain30 - 70 dB30 - 70 dB8 - 30 dBBandwidth1 - 8 %10 - 35 %10 - 15 %X-RaysSevere, but lead is reliable Severe, but lead is reliableNot a ProblemEfficiency Basic15 - 30 %15 - 30 %35 - 45 % With Depressed40 - 60 %40 - 60 %NA CollectorsIon PumpRequired with Large Tubes Required with Large TubesSelf PumpingWeightHigherHigherLowerSizeLarger LargerSmallerCostMediumHigherMediumSpuri ous Noise - dB 90 - dB 90 - dB 55 to 70 Usable Dynamic Range40-80 dB40-80 dBa few dBRadar Systems Course 20 XMTR & RCVR 1/1/2010 IEEE New Hampshire SectionIEEE AES Society Power Oscillator not an power amplifier Poor noise and stability characteristics Restricted use for MTI Average power is limited 1 - 2 kilowatts Good for short-medium range radars Not coherent pulse to pulse Coaxial Cavity Magnetron Well suited for civil marine radars Magnetron Operation Electric and magnetic field are perpendicular Electrons emitted from cathode travel around circular path in bunches Electrons interact with e-m fields and give up their DC energy to the RF field RF energy is

9 Output with coupling slotCoaxial Cavity MagnetronWindowOutput WaveguideOutputCouplingSlotCoaxialCavity AnodeCylinderVanesOuter Coaxial ConductorElectric FieldLines (TM001 Mode)CouplingSlotsCathodeAdapted from SkolnikReference 3 Radar Systems Course 21 XMTR & RCVR 1/1/2010 IEEE New Hampshire SectionIEEE AES SocietyCoaxial MagnetronsCourtesy of CPI. Used with SFD 303 BPeak Output Power 1 MWDuty Cycle .1%Pulsewidth secLiquid cooledFixed frequencyModel VMS 1143 BPeak Output Power 3 MWDuty Cycle .08%Pulsewidth secLiquid cooledMechanically tunableX-Band ( to GHZ)S-Band ( to GHZ) Radar Systems Course 22 XMTR & RCVR 1/1/2010 IEEE New Hampshire SectionIEEE AES SocietyOther Types of High Power Amplifiers Hybrid Klystrons Twystron, Extended interaction klystron, and Clustered cavity klystron Multiple cavities replace one or more of the resonant cavities Bandwidths ~15 to 20% Have been used in low power millimeter wave Transmitters Gyrotrons Require very high magnetic fields Yield very high power in millimeter region Slight use in fielded Radar systemsRadar Systems Course 23 XMTR & RCVR 1/1/2010 IEEE New Hampshire SectionIEEE AES SocietyOutline Introduction Transmitters Block Diagram High Power Tube Amplifiers Klystron Traveling Wave Tube Crossed Field Amplifier Magnetron Solid State RF Power Amplifiers T/R Modules Receivers and Waveform Generators Other Transmitter / Receiver Subsystems Radar Receiver-Transmitter Architectures SummaryRadar Systems Course 24 XMTR & RCVR 1/1/2010 IEEE New Hampshire SectionIEEE AES SocietySolid State Power Transistors Available Commercial Devices Solid state power transistors are basic building blocks of solid state amplifiers Advantages of solid state

10 Power amplifiers Small footprint Low profile High reliability PHA2731-190M Pulsed Power Amplifier Module 190 Watts - GHz, 200 us Pulse, 10% DutyUF28150J MOSFET Power Transistor100-500 MHz, 150 WBipolar PH3135-90S Pulsed Power GHz, 90 WCourtesy of MA/COM Technology SolutionsUsed with permissionRadar Systems Course 25 XMTR & RCVR 1/1/2010 IEEE New Hampshire SectionIEEE AES SocietySolid State RF Power Amplifiers Solid state power generation device Transistor amplifier (silicon bipolar and gallium arsenide) Inherently low power and low gain Operates with low voltages and has high reliability To increase output power, transistors are operated in parallel with more than 1 stage A module might consist of 8 transistors Four in parallel as the final stage, followed by Two in parallel,as the second stage, followed by Two in series, as the driver stages Solid state power devices cannot operate at high peak power Fifty watt average power transistor cannot operate at much more than 200 watts of peak power without overheating Pulse compression needed for reasonable range resolutionRadar Systems Course 26 XMTR & RCVR 1/1/2010 IEEE New Hampshire SectionIEEE AES SocietyUses of Solid State Amplifiers in Radar Transmitter for low power application High power transmitter A large number of microwave transistors are combined with microwave circuitry Many modules distributed on a mechanically steered planar array A 3 D Radar A module at each of the many elements of an electronically scanned phased array Called an active aperture Radar Systems Course 27 XMTR & RCVR 1/1/2010 IEEE New Hampshire SectionIEEE AES SocietySolid State Radar Examples - PAVE PAWS PAVE PAWS First all solid state active aperture electronically steered phased array Radar UHF Band.