Transcription of Radiation Physics/ 放射線物理学 - dent.niigata-u.ac.jp
1 1 ~ ~ 2 2 -------- Neutron- Electron Proton + Z0W g 1 udcstb ee +2/3-1/3-10 ~ 5 (electromagnetic wave) electromagnetic Radiation (particles) corpuscular Radiation 3 ) (ionizing Radiation ) directly ionizing Radiation indirectly ionizing Radiation (non-ionizing Radiation )
2 (electromagnetic wave) (particle) (ionizing Radiation ) directly ionizing Radiation indirectly ionizing Radiation (non-ionizing Radiation ) 4 c 108m/sec Hz c= 30 km c 1 c 1 108m 107m 108 107 /s (UHF) 470 MHz 770 MHz 39cm 64cm 800MH 2 GHz 15cm 37cmBS,CS 12 GHz (VHF) 30M 300M 1/2 1/4 5 (ELF)
3 1 30 30 km 1 km108 107 10-13 SLF30 300 1 km 1000km107 10610-13 10-121peV50 60Hz ULF300 3k 1000km 100km106 10510-12 10-11 4 (VLF)3k 30k 100km 10km105 10410-11 10-10 (LF)30k 300k 10km 1km104 10310-10 10-91neV (MF)300k 3M 1km 100m103 10210-9 10-8 (HF)3M 30M 100m 10m102 1010-8 10-7 (VHF) 30M 300M 10m 1m 10 110-7 10-61 eV 2m FM , MRI RF (UHF) 300M 3G1m 10cm1 10-110-6 10-5 10cm PHS UHF GPS LAN (SHF) 3G 30G 10cm 1cm10-1 10-210-5 10-4 BS,CS) LAN (EHF)30G 300G 1cm 1mm10-2 10-310-4 10-31meV 300G 3T 1mm 100 m10-3 10-410-3 10-2 3 THz 100 m 15 m10-4 10-5 15 m m10-5 10-6 m m10-6 10-7 m m m m m m m m m m m m 380nm 200nmDNA (250nm 3 1015 3 1016200nm 10nm10-7 10-810 102 , 3 1016 3 101710nm 1nm10-8 10-9102 1031keVDNA,RNA3 1017 3 10181nm 1 10-9 10-10103 104 3 1018 3 10191 10-10 10-11104 105 3 1019 3 1pm10-11 10-12105 1061 MeV > )
4 3 1020 3 10211pm 100fm10-12 10-13106 107 3 1021 3 1022100fm 10fm10-13 10-14107 108 3 1022 3 102310fm 1fm10-14 10-15108 1091 GeV k 103T 1012 10-61 = 10-19[J] 10-10mM 106P 1015n 10-9p 10-12h= 10-34[J s]G 109E 1018f 10-15c=299792458[m/s] 10-2 1eV 1 2 3V 1 10-7m eV m 10-7m 1015 3T 3000T3 1012 3 1215 1015 Hz ~ DNA 100km 10m10m 1m 1m 100 m 100 m 200nm m 380nm 380nm 10nm 10nm DNA RNA 1nm 1 1nm 100pm 1 =100pm 100pm 10pm10pm 10fm 10fm 1fm E h h c/ 10-25[J m]/ [eV m]/ ( 10-34J sec)
5 EV V 10-19[C] [V] 10-19[J]ccc 1 1 1 m X Wilhelm Conrad R ntgen 1895 11 8 123 Crookes X X (2000/9/1) 6 1895 1896 1898 1899 1900 1904 1905 1908 1909 1911 1905 1913 1913 1916 1918 1917 1919 1918 1923 1924 1927 1927 1932 1935 1937 1970 CT,MRI 10-8 10-14m 10nm 108m/sec 7 108m/sec ~ 9 8
6 60-70kV6-7 100V HgHgHgHgHg 100V 200 VAin, VinAout, Vout N Aout=Ain/NVout=Vin N 9 10 74W CT 11 I 99%
7 1mmAl 70kV 6cm 74W --- 74W - 12--- K L K K L - -K 74W K L K 57 59keV K M K 67 L M L 8 10keV L Duane-Hunt min Vmax= min Vmax kV (1991/3 Kramers 1959 K 60kV K K 70kV K K 2017 13 13 14 * K * * 0 h 0=hc/ 0 h 0/c 180 h/(mc))
8 = E0=mc2 = + m + = , = = 1 cos h =hc/ h 15 v c = cos + cos --- sin = sin --- + 2 --- = + 2 cos 0 + 2 2 1 cos --- 2 2 1 cos = = 1 cos E=mc2 511keV 2 I=I0e- d kZ3 3 I0 I d: Z / 16 L0 S0 I0 S0 I0S0 L I S IS=I0S0 S=S0 (L/L0)2 I=I0/(L/L0)2 ( ) (2011/2/22) L0S0 LSS2=S0 22L2=L0 = 3 linear attenuation coefficient mass attenuation coefficient = + + + coherent scattering 15 30keV photoelectric effect K ~ Compton effect 30keV 30 MeV.
9 Pair production Z X 40 keV 100 keV Rutherford 17 [g/cm3] N,O,CH1 C,H,O N,SHe 2 H,OLi3 H,O,C N,S,K,P,Na,Mg,CaBe 4 O,C,Ca H,P,N,S,MgB5 O,C,Ca H,P,N,S,MgC6 O,C,Ca H,P,N,S,MgN7 AlO8 TiF9 82 PbNe 10 Na 11 C,H,O,N,Mg,Ca,K,S,P,FeMg 12 Zeff Al 13Si 14P 15S 16Cl 17Ar 18K 19Ca 20 Mayered (2007/02) = .. = 1 . + 8 . c= c= Z aE3/2 c= Z b/( ) c= Evans, 1955 (Attix, and Roesch, , eds.: Radiation Dosimetry.)
10 Vol. I : Fundamentals. Academic Press Inc., New York, 1968.) c= : Z=125*E3/2-3 c= : Z=1900/( +6)+2 Z 3 Zeff Zeff = = ~ = = ~ = ~ ~ =2 ~ =8~16 Z 3 120 140kV contrast 18 D1D2 d dIIdIIeIId )/log()log()log(000 D1 D1 D2 1/4 D1 Hc=D1/D2 Hc<1 Hc D2/D1 2017 E=kZIV2tk Z I V t
