REFERENCE TECHNIQUES: Tips for the use of …

1 REFERENCE TECHNIQUES: HARVARD method and apa style Me. M. Cronj Me. N. Murdoch Me. R. Smit (editor) Enquiries: Me. R. Smit Tel: (011) 489-2651 E-mail: March 2003 1 Contents Introduction 3 tips on writing and referencing 4 Commonly used abbreviations 5 Sample paragraph and REFERENCE list: Harvard Method 6 Sample paragraph and REFERENCE list: apa style 7 tips for the use of electronic sources 26 List of sources 28 Examples Harvard APA Basic in-text referencing In-text REFERENCE where the author of the source is known 8 9 In-text REFERENCE to more than one source 8 9 General forms for REFERENCE lists Non-periodical 8 9 Part of a non-periodical 8 9 Periodical 8 9 Online periodical 8 9

2 Online document 8 9 Referencing other sources A book with only one author 8 9 A book by two authors 8 9 A book by three or more authors 10 11 REFERENCE to more than one publication of the same author in the same year 10 11 Different authors with the same surname 10 11 A book with an institution, organisation or association as author 10 11 A book with an editor(s) 10 11 A chapter in a book (not edited)

3 12 13 Part/chapter of an edited book 12 13 Anonymous work 12 13 A work with a foreign title 12 13 Translated works 12 13 Second, further or revised editions 12 13 Date of publication unknown 12 13 Dictionaries 12 13 Encyclopedia 14 15 Personal communication 14 15 Unpublished manuscript submitted for publication 14 15 Unpublished manuscript not submitted for publication 14 15 Newspaper article 14 15 Examples

4 Harvard APA Periodical article 14 15 Journal article in press 14 15 2 Abstract 14 15 Non-English journal article 14 15 Published dissertation or thesis 16 17 Unpublished dissertation or thesis 16 17 Dissertation abstract 16 17 Government publications 16 17 Unpublished raw data, untitled 16 17 Booklet, pamphlet or leaflet 16 17 Study guide 16 17 Conference proceedings, no author or title 16 17 Conference proceedings, with title 18 19 Conference proceedings.

5 With author 18 19 Unpublished paper presented at a meeting 18 19 Publication of limited circulation 18 19 Review 18 19 Electronic sources In-text REFERENCE where the author of the electronic source is known 18 19 In-text REFERENCE to a web site 18 19 Internet site with author 20 21 Internet document without author 20 21 Personal electronic communication/ (e-mail)

6 20 21 Article in an Internet-only journal 20 21 Electronic copy of a journal article retrieved from database 20 21 Internet articles based on a print source 20 21 Newsgroups, online forums, electronic mailing lists 20 21 Paper presented at a virtual conference 22 23 Abstract 22 23 Article in an electronic magazine (e-zine)

7 22 23 Newspaper article 22 23 Review 22 23 Letter to the editor 22 23 Government publication 22 23 CD-ROM 22 23 Sound recording 22 23 Motion picture/film 22 23 Television broadcast 22 23 Video recording 24 25 Microfiche 24 25 Computer program 24 25 3 Introduction What is referencing?

8 It is a way to demonstrate that you have extended your learning. Three reasons for referencing: To let the reader know whose ideas you are using To enable your reader to check your information To provide information for your reader. TERMINOLOGY: A citation is a REFERENCE to a document. It should include all the bibliographic details needed to trace the document. Footnotes are listed at the bottom of the page on which a REFERENCE or citation occurs in the text. A number is placed in the text to indicate the cited work and again at the bottom of the page in front of the footnote.

9 Footnotes are used when only a small number of references need to be made. A REFERENCE list is the list of citations (material cited) in a written work. It shows the authority on which you base statements in the text, shows how well acquainted (how widely read) you are with the subject, and is a starting point for anyone else wanting to find out about the subject. A bibliography is a list of documents (books, articles, papers) read for a specific essay or assignment. All these references are not necessarily included in the list of references. 4 tips on writing and referencing Collecting information: Broad and deep research is the essential basis of an essay Using the Internet: Use the internet but with care and discrimination.

10 Always state the date you visited the site. Where possible, identify the author. Writing: A well thought-out structure is at the heart of every good essay. You do need a solid introduction. You need a tight, powerful conclusion that is the logical consequence of everything that has gone before. You need to organise your material so that it flows from one area, sub-section or argument to the next in a logical order. Keep checking that you are remaining on track throughout the essay, don t wander off the subject. A good student not only has good ideas to write about, but also can write about them well.