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REFERENCES - Anthony Dweck

REFERENCES SAGE Salvia officinalis Dewick, Paul M.: Medicinal Natural Products - a biosynthetic approach. John Wiley & Son. ISBN (ppb), 0-471-97477-3 (hardback). Most monoterpenes are optically active, and there are many examples known where enantiomeric forms of the same compound can be isolated from different sources, (+)-camphor in sage (Salvia officinalis) .. camphor The fresh flowering tops have between oil, which is a mixture of thujone 40-60%, camphor 5-22%, cineole 5-14%, -caryophyllene 10% and limonene 6% -thujone Caryophyllene Cineole Wichtl, Max, editor Norman Grainger Bisset.; Herbal drugs and Phytopharmaceuticals - a handbook for practice on a scientific basis. Medpharm Scientific Publishers. 1994 English edition. ISBN No. 3-88763-025-4. Also CRC Press ISBN No. 0-8493-7192-9. DAB 10: Salbeiblatter OAB: Folium Salviae Ph. Helv. VII: Salviae folium St. Zul. Plant source: Salvia officinalis L., garden or red sage (Lamiaceae).

OAB: Volatile oil, not less than 1.5%. Foreign matter, not more than 3% stem fragments. Ash, not more than 8.0%. Ph. Helv. VII: Volatile oil, not less than 1.5%.

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Transcription of REFERENCES - Anthony Dweck

1 REFERENCES SAGE Salvia officinalis Dewick, Paul M.: Medicinal Natural Products - a biosynthetic approach. John Wiley & Son. ISBN (ppb), 0-471-97477-3 (hardback). Most monoterpenes are optically active, and there are many examples known where enantiomeric forms of the same compound can be isolated from different sources, (+)-camphor in sage (Salvia officinalis) .. camphor The fresh flowering tops have between oil, which is a mixture of thujone 40-60%, camphor 5-22%, cineole 5-14%, -caryophyllene 10% and limonene 6% -thujone Caryophyllene Cineole Wichtl, Max, editor Norman Grainger Bisset.; Herbal drugs and Phytopharmaceuticals - a handbook for practice on a scientific basis. Medpharm Scientific Publishers. 1994 English edition. ISBN No. 3-88763-025-4. Also CRC Press ISBN No. 0-8493-7192-9. DAB 10: Salbeiblatter OAB: Folium Salviae Ph. Helv. VII: Salviae folium St. Zul. Plant source: Salvia officinalis L., garden or red sage (Lamiaceae).

2 The pharmacopoeial specification corresponds only with subsp. minor (GMELIN) GAMS and subsp. major (GARSAULT) GAMS, but not with subsp. lavandulifolia (VAHL) GAMS (which according to the Flora Europaea is a separate species). Recent morphological/anatomical studies support the view that the subspecies of S. officinale should be treated as independent species: subsp. minor = S. officinale , subsp. major = S. tomentosa MILLER, and subsp. lavandulifolia = S. lavandulifolia VAHL [4]. Synonyms: Garden or Broad-leafed sage, Sawge (EngL), Salbeiblatter, Edelsalbei, Gartensalbei (Ger.), Feuilles de sauge officinale, Feuilles de sauge commune (Fr.). Extract from the German Commission E monograph (BAnz no. 90, dated 15. 05. 1985) Uses: Externally - inflammation of the mucous membranes of the mouth and throat. Internally: dyspeptic complaints, excessive secretion of sweat. Contraindications: The pure essential oil and alcoholic extracts should not be taken during pregnancy. Side effects: On prolonged use of alcoholic extracts and the pure essential oil, epileptiform convulsions may occur.

3 Interactions: None known. Dosage: Unless otherwise prescribed: Internally: daily dose 4-6 g drug, g essential oil, g tincture (as in Erg. B. 6), g fluid extract (as in Erg. B. 6). As a gargle and rinse: g drug as infusion or 2-3 drops of the essential oil to 100 ml water or 5 g alcoholic extract to a glass of water. As a paint: undiluted alcoholic extract. Mode of administration: Chopped drug for infusions, alcoholic extracts, and distillates for gargling, rinsing, and painting, and for internal use and the fresh press juice of the plant. Effects: Antibacterial, fungistatic, virostatic, astringent, secretion-promoting, sweat-inhibiting. Note: A separate monograph has been prepared for Salvia triloba. Origin: Native in the Mediterranean region, especially in the Adriatic; cultivated to some extent in various European countries. Imports of the drug come from Albania and former Yugoslavia. Constituents: essential oil, consisting of thujone (up to ca. 35-60%) and other monoterpenes (particularly cineole) and small amounts of sesquiterpenes; 3-7% tannins, including rosmarinic acid; diterpenoid bitter substances, carnosol (= picrosalvin), carnosic acid 12-methyl ether -lactone, rosmanol and its 7-methyl ether, manool, etc.

4 ; triterpenes, oleanolic acid and derivatives [1, 5]. Extraction of an ethanol extract with supercritical carbon dioxide yields a product with greater antioxidant activity than butylated hydroxyl toluene [5]. Indications: As an antiphlogistic for inflammation of the mouth and throat, for gingivitis and stomatitis, mainly in the form of a gargle, but also as a tea for digestive complaints, flatulence, inflammation of the intestinal mucosa, in diarrhoea. As an antisudorific (antihydrotic), against night sweats in tuberculosis patients, but also against excessive sweat formation of psychosomatic origin. Use of the drug in the two areas indicated is purely empirical. Pharmacological experiments with isolated constituents are still lacking; however, the antisudorific action has been demonstrated in animal experiments and clinically in man, pilocarpine-induced sweating is rapidly curtailed. In folk medicine, because of an inhibiting effect on the secretion of milk, garden sage is also used to aid the cessation of lactation; it is also said (but not proved) to have mild hypotensive and emmenagogic effects.

5 Although not a cholagogue, the drug is sometimes used in this way in mixtures with other drugs (action of bitter substances?). Side effects: Only likely with overdoses (more than 15 g sage leaves/dose) or on prolonged use. The toxic constituent of the essential oil, thujone, causes symptoms such as tachycardia, hot flushes, convulsions, and dizziness. Making the tea: Depending on the indication; as a gargle, boiling water is poured over 3 g of the chopped drug and strained after 10 min.; against night sweats, the infusion prepared like the previous one, but the drink is allowed to cool; for gastrointestinal complaints, boiling water is poured over g of the finely chopped drug and strained after 5 min. 1 Teaspoon = ca. Herbal preparations: The chopped drug is also available in tea bags ( or g). Phytomedicines: The drug, extracts made from it (tincture, fluid extract), or the essential oil are components of some prepared mouth and throat remedies, Salus Salbei-Tropfen (drops), Salviathymol , etc.

6 , Gastrointestinal Remedies, Enterosanol (dragees, juice, capsules), etc., and cholagogues and some other remedies. Products available in the UK include Seven Seas Catarrh Tablets, Arkopharma Phytomenopause, etc. Regulatory status (UK): General Sales List Schedule 1, Table A. Authentication: Macro- (see: Description) and microscopically, following the DAB 10. See also [4, 6] and the BHP 1983. It should be noted that the covering trichomes on the upper and lower surfaces of the leaf are the same (distinction from Salviae trilobae folium - Greek sage): ca. 200-600 pm long, not more than 20 um wide at the base, and with a short, strongly thickened basal cell (Fig. 4). The DAB 10 TLC procedure examines the composition of the essential oil: Test solution: g freshly powdered drug shaken for 2-3 min. with 5 ml dichloromethane and filtered over ca. 2 g anhydrous sodium sulphate. reference solution: borneol, 5 ml bornyl acetate, and 10 l cineole dissolved in 10 ml toluene.

7 Loadings: 30 l test solution and 10 l reference solution, as 2-cm bands on silica gel G. Solvent system: acetone + ethyl acetate+di-chloromethane (2+3+95), 10 cm run. Detection: sprayed with anisaldehyde reagent, followed by heating at 100-105 C for 5-10 min. while under observation. Evaluation: in daylight. reference solution: the lowest zone, the brownish grey borneol zone; slightly above, the greyish violet to blue cineole zone; and above that, the brownish grey bornyl acetate zone. Test solution : these three zones, approximately equal in intensity; directly below the bornyl acetate zone, the weakly coloured reddish violet thujone zone; and somewhat below that, the weakly coloured pinkish red caryophyllene epoxide zone, followed by an intense violet zone; just below the cineole zone, another violet zone of similar intensity (viridiflorol); in the lowest part of the chromatogram, other violet or greenish yellow zones, some of them very prominent; in the upper part of the chromatogram, two intense violet to blue zones (terpene and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons).

8 Fig. 3: Upper surface (left) and lower surface (right) of sage leaf. In UV 365 nm light. Test solution: thujone, directly below the bornyl acetate zone, as an intense sealing-wax red fluorescent zone; cineole, a bluish green fluorescent zone; borneol and bornyl acetate zones, almost no fluorescence. TLC study of the flavonoids is also useful in aiding the identification (see: Adulteration). Wording of the package insert, from the German Standard Licence: Uses Inflammation of the gums and the mucous membranes of the mouth and throat; pressure spots caused by prostheses; in supportive treatment of gastrointestinal catarrh. Dosage and Mode of administration For treating gastrointestinal complaints, boiling water is poured over half a teaspoonful (1-3 g), and for inflammation in the mouth, over one teaspoonful (ca. 3 g), of Red sage and after 10 min. passed through a tea strainer. Unless otherwise prescribed, for gastrointestinal complaints a cup of the warm tea is drunk several times a day half-an-hour before meals.

9 For inflammation of the mucous membranes of the mouth and throat, the still warm infusion is used as a rinse or gargle several times a day. Duration of use Infusions of red sage should not be taken over a long period of time. Note Store protected from light and moisture. Quantitative standards: DAB 10: Thujone-rich volatile oil, not less than Foreign matter, not more than 3% stem fragments and not more than 2% other foreign matter. Loss on drying, not more than Ash, not more than OAB: Volatile oil, not less than Foreign matter, not more than 3% stem fragments. Ash, not more than Ph. Helv. VII: Volatile oil, not less than Foreign matter, not more than 3% stems; leaves of S. triloba absent. Sulphated ash, not more than BHP 1983: Foreign organic matter, not more than 3%. Total ash, not more than 8%. Adulteration: Occasionally with the leaves of other Salvia species, principally those of S. triloba , Greek sage; these have a white, velvety tomentum on both surfaces, which is denser than that of S.

10 Officinalis (compare Fig. 3 and Salviae trilobae folium: Fig. 3). The trichomes on the upper surface are not tortuous and whip-like, but are straight and stiff, and mostly 30-40 um wide at the base (Salviae trilobae folium: Fig. 4). In the DAB 10 TLC examination set out above, adulteration can be recognized by the divergent composition (a higher cineole and lower thujone content). Differentiation is also possible on the basis of the flavonoid profile; the TLC procedure is as follows: Test solution: 1 g powdered drug refluxed for 10 min. with 10 ml methanol, filtered, the filtrate taken to dryness, and the residue dissolved in ml methanol. Fig. 4: Long, multicellular, tortuous covering trichomes, from the upper leaf surface reference solution: lOmg rutin and 5mg hyperoside dissolved in 10 ml methanol. Loadings: 2 ul test solution and 2 ul reference solution, as bands on silica gel. Mobile phase: ethyl acetate + anhydrous formic acid + water (88+6+6), 5 cm run. Detection: after drying in a current of hot air, sprayed with 1% methanolic diphenyl- boryloxyethylamine, followed by 5% ethanolic polyethylene glycol 400.


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