References References. References

1 Last Name References The reference list should be titled References . It is a list of the published articles, books, and other communications actually cited in the paper. Sources should be current. The References section is arranged alphabetically by the first word of the citation. The correct style for reference citations in text and for the References page is discussed in detail in the Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (5th edition). The question of whether the heading of the reference list should be reference List or References involves general category versus actual practice in APA-style. The section in the Publication manual covering the reference list is usually titled reference List, but, in fact, specifies the reference list should be titled References (in the case of multiple References ) or reference (in the case of a single reference ) (APA, 2001).

2 This is one of the few times the name of the section heading does not correspond exactly with the IJAS s various specified sections of a properly formatted written report ( , Materials, Methods of Procedure, Acknowledgements, Results, et al.). The reference list is the last section of the written report. Start the list on a new page. The title of this section is References . Each entire page of the reference list should be completely double-spaced (APA, 2001). APA-style makes a provision for single-spacing of this section for theses and dissertations, but it is not a recommended style, since it makes for more difficult proofreading of the paper in all stages of writing. The 5th edition of the Publication manual also specifies the hanging indent format.

3 This means that the first line of each reference is left aligned and all subsequent lines are indented. In Word 2000, the hanging indent is easy to achieve. When starting the References page, click on Format and click on Paragraph. Then click on Special and Page # Last Name choose Hanging. Be sure the Alignment is set at Left, the Outline level is at Body text, and the line spacing is at Double. Click OK. Then type your citations. The program will allow the headline, References , to stay centered, but will automatically format a hanging indent on all typed citations. The hanging indent may be omitted, only if it is difficult to achieve with the word-processing program. IJAS requirements allow for either style!

4 The reference list cites works that specifically support the written report. This is in contrast to a bibliography, which cites a wide variety of reading or subjects for further reading. APA-style requires a reference list, not a bibliography. References in APA publications are cited with an author-date citation system and are listed alphabetically in the References section in APA-style (APA, 2001, p. 215). Entries must also include title and publishing data. It is very important that References cited in text must appear in the reference list and that, conversely, each entry in the reference list must be cited in text. The only exception to this is the omission of personal communications from the reference list. Arrange entries in the reference list in alphabetical order by the last name of the author.

5 In a reference citation, the author s name is listed first. This is followed by date of publication, in parentheses, followed by a period. Next is the book title (this may be underlined or in italics [preferred]). Capitalize only the first word of the book title and any proper nouns in the title. Include any additional information necessary for retrieving the book (such as 3rd ed. or Vol. 4 ) in parentheses, immediately after the title, non-underlined, non-italicized. Follow with a period. Next, comes the publication information. Identify the city and, if the city is not well known or could be confused with Page # Last Name another city, include the state, using the two-letter postal code abbreviation in all caps with NO period.

6 Place a colon (:) after the location. Identify the publisher as briefly as possible. Omit superfluous terms such as Publishers, Co., or Inc., but retain the words Books or Press. If two or more locations are given, give the first one listed or the publisher s home office. End with a period. Books Example of BOOK with ONE AUTHOR: Smith, (2002). Learning to write research: Facts for young writers. Charlotte, NC: Southern Press. BOOK with TWO AUTHORS: Arnold, & Wiggins, (2001). Interpreting dreams using modern psychotherapy techniques (3rd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. BOOKS with THREE to SIX AUTHORS: Donnegan, , Fierstein, , Hansen, , Winston, , Johnson, , & Paul, (1999). The new guide to the Springfield Museum of Modern Art (4th ed.)

7 Springfield, MA: Grove Press. BOOKS with SEVEN or more AUTHORS: Johnson, , Adams, , Carter, , James, , Bush, , Strong, , et al. (1998). International financial management: A guide to investment strategies in the new millennium. Torquay, England: British Publishing. CORPORATE AUTHOR: American Astronomy Association. (1994). 100 years of telemetric analysis of asteroid activity 1888-1998 (Vol. 2). Seattle, WA: Airdale. Page # Last Name EDITED VOLUME (ONE editor): Ashton, (Ed.). (1991). A treasury of modern poetry. Cincinnati, OH: Arrowhill. EDITED VOLUME (MULTIPLE editors): Smith, , Jones, , & Allen, (Eds.). (1900). A bible compendium. San Francisco: Hobart. NO AUTHOR or EDITOR: Internal review of operations (Vol.)

8 37). (1999). Chicago: Chicago Skyline. ARTICLE or CHAPTER in an EDITED BOOK: Van Alstyne, (1988). The challenge of large group instruction. In Bacon & Vallas (Eds.), A variety of instructional techniques (pp. 83-113). Newark, NJ: Alta Vista. Other Books ENCYCLOPEDIA entry WITH AUTHOR (note the use of p. format for pages): Regalta, (1995). Mitosis. In Encyclopedia international (Vol. 14, pp. 233-238). Detroit, MI: Algonquin. ENCYCLOPEDIA entry WITHOUT AUTHOR: Mars. (1990). In Encyclopedia Americana. (Vol. 13, p. 20). Pekin, IL: Dumont. DICTIONARY: Merriam-Webster s dictionary (11th ed.). (1994). New York: Merriam Webster. Other Sources TELEVSION BROADCAST: Johnston, (Executive Producer). (1991, November 12). Nova: Tornadoes [Television broadcast].

9 Chicago: Public Broadcasting Service. Page # Last Name FILMS or VIDEOTAPES: Gance, A. (Producer), & O Donnell, C. (writer /director). (1999). Alpha waves [Videotape], Los Angeles: Science Film Works. MUSICAL RECORDING: Weber, & Rice, T. (1985). Music of the night [Original Cast]. On Phantom of the opera [CD]. London: Halcyon Records. Leiber, J. & Stoller, K. (1955). All shook up [Recorded by E. Presley & the Jordanaires]. On Elvis greatest hits [record]. Hollywood: RCA Records. (1960). Periodicals The style for citation of periodicals differs from that of books. A periodical is an item published on a regular basis: journal, magazine, newspaper, newsletter, and so on. The order is author(s), year (in parentheses) followed by a period.

10 Only the first word and proper nouns in the title are capitalized. Remember to capitalize after a colon (:). The article title is not italicized, underlined, or quoted! This is followed by the italicized or underlined journal title. This journal title is fully capitalized. Put a comma after the title and continue with the italicized or underlined volume number. Do not mix these two styles (italicizing and underlining)! Put an italicized or underlined comma next, after the volume number, only if there is no issue number. If there is an issue number, start a non- italicized or non-underlined open-parentheses, issue number, close-parentheses, and then a comma. Next comes a non-italicized or non-underlined page number(s) without p.