REFERENCING WITH THEREFERENCING WITH THE …

1 REFERENCING with THEREFERENCING with THEREFERENCING with THEREFERENCING with THE APA SYSTEM APA SYSTEM APA SYSTEM APA SYSTEM The American Psychological Association (APA) uses an author-date citation , where cited publications are referred to in the text by giving the author s surname and the year of publication in brackets (page numbers are also given for direct quotations), so that the full details can be looked up in the alphabetical list of References at the end of the Please note that, when researchers talk about APA style, they might be referring to APA's system of citations in text and reference format or they might be referring to the editorial style that many of the social and behavioural sciences have adopted to present written material in the field. If you are unsure, you should clarify with your institution/advisor.

2 Editorial style concerns uniform use of punctuation and abbreviations, construction of tables, selection of headings, presentation of statistics, as well as many other elements that are a part of every manuscript, besides citation of references. APA s style rules and guidelines, commonly used in the social sciences, are set out in the latest edition of The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. The APA style omits general rules explained in widely available style books and examples of usage with little relevance to the behavioural and social sciences. Page numbers in headings refer to those in the Publication Manual. Where APA has no specific rule, this guide gives common rules of other style manuals. Footnotes or endnotes can be used to give additional comments or information that would interrupt the flow of the text.

3 Exact spacing and punctuation are essential (p. 290 of the Manual). APA style requires double-spacing throughout the paper, including the list of References. The first lines of paragraphs should be indented 5 to 7 spaces [ , about 1,5 cm]. (p. 289). APA now uses hanging indents in the list of References. Note: To save space, this style guide gives examples in spacing and indents bibliographic references only cm. To give users of the APA system a breakdown of the bibliographic elements required to record each type of publication (author, title, publisher, etc.), the examples below list them, under the heading ELEMENTSELEMENTSELEMENTSELEMENTS. Where there are common alternative ways of citing or REFERENCING , they begin on a new line with the word orororor . CITATIONS IN THE TEXCITATIONS IN THE TEXCITATIONS IN THE TEXCITATIONS IN THE TEXT T T T (pp.)

4 94-99; 207-214) In the list of References, give the author as the first element of the entry, , the person or organisation shown most prominently in the source as responsible for the content in its published form. If there is no such person or organisation, the title should be the first element of the entry. In the text, cite the same first element as you use in the list of References. If the author s name occurs naturally in the sentence, give only the year (and page number/s of quotes) in parentheses. If the author s name does not occur naturally in the sentence, give name and year (and page) in parentheses at the end of the sentence. That often saves space and improves readability. CITATIONS IN THE TEXT 1 Page Numbers 2 Direct Quotations 2 More Than One Source 3 Two citations same para 3 BIBLIOGRAPHIES 3 Details Unknown 4 No Author 4 No date 5 No Page Numbers 5 No publisher 5 Place of publication 6 Authors 6 Corporate authors 6 Two Authors 6 Three to Five Authors 7 Six or More Authors 7 PRINT ITEMS 8 The Bible 8 Books 8 Chapters 8 Conference Papers/Proceedings 9 Dictionaries 9 Editions 10 Editors 10 Encyclopaedia Articles 11 Forthcoming/In press 11 Government Publications 11 Indirect Quotations 12 International Organizations 12 Journal Articles 13 Magazine Articles 13 Maps, Diagrams, Photographs, Tables 14 Newspaper Articles 15 Pamphlets or Brochures 15 Patents 16 Plays and Poems 16 Preface, Foreword.

5 Introduction 17 Press Releases 17 Reviews 17 Series 17 Standards 17 Theses or Dissertations 18 Translations 18 Volumes 18 Online Items 19 General rules 19 Books 19 Databases 19 Discussion/Chat Groups, etc. 20 Educational Resources Information Center report (From E-subscribe) 20 Emails 20 Journal Articles 20 Theses or Dissertations 21 Websites/Internet material 21 Website Articles 21 CD-ROM or DVD Items 21 Multimedia Items 22 Computer Programs 22 Films or Video Tapes 22 Music or Sound Recordings 22 Radio and Television 23 Advertisements 23 Radio and Television: Programmes, Series and Episodes 23 Contributions 23 Personal Communications 23 REFERENCING 2222 Exactica 2006 The main thing to remember is that all reference styles are intended to make things easier for readers to find the original source of information referred to in your dissertation if they wish.

6 You, as the writer, simply have to give them enough information for them to do so. Page NumbersPage NumbersPage NumbersPage Numbers Be careful to record page numbers when taking notes so that you can find material again if necessary. If you get into the habit of using the index card system described in Dr Hofstee s book, Constructing a Good Dissertation, this should not pose a problem. If your institution requires you to give page numbers for all in-text citations, you should only omit them if you obtained the information from the World Wide Web in .html format or from any other source that did not have any page numbers. If the original document does not have page numbers, readers should still be told on what page the information can be found, if possible. Count the pages from the front and then include that number in an in-text reference, but indicate that the original pages were not numbered by placing the page count in square brackets ([]).

7 You could also give the chapter or heading above the reference and/or its paragraph number. It creates a very good impression of your thoroughness and credibility if you give page numbers in all your citations, not just for direct quotations, and the examples below always show how to format citations that include page numbers. However, if you do not have page numbers, simply omit them from your , , (van Riebeek, 2005). Note that you always have to know the first and last pages of articles for the list of References. Diagrams and illustrations should be referenced as though they were a quotation if they have been taken from a published work. If you created them yourself, give yourself as reference, , Source: Author. Direct Quotations Direct Quotations Direct Quotations Direct Quotations Use direct quotations of the exact words of another author sparingly.

8 As a general rule, if the quote is less than a line or two, include it in the body of the text in quotation marks. Place longer quotations in separate indented paragraphs without quotation marks (pp. 117-121; 292-293). Try to include the citations for the quotations in the text so that they fit into the flow of your writing. The following rules apply when quoting directly: Only quote directly if the original author stated something in a particularly striking way, if the author s precise wording is very important, or if the original words are needed for purposes of analysis or discussion ( , in the case of a definition). Quote the original author s exact words and punctuation, including any spelling or grammatical errors. If the original wording contains such errors, point them out by placing the word [sic] in square brackets in the quote directly after the error.

9 For example: It is common paractise [sic] to use public relations as a tool for .. If part of the original text in a direct quotation is left out, indicate this by an ellipsis, three dots. Add a fourth dot if the ellipsis is at the end of a sentence. For example: Smith (2005: p. 10) defined marketing as all activities related to bringing a product to market, .. the actual marketing of the product and the follow-up activities. Words can be inserted in a direct quotation to make the quoted sentences clearer and the inserted words are placed in square brackets []. For example: They [[[[the members of Alice s family]]]] gathered around the table. Quotations within a quotation are enclosed in single quotation marks. For example: Joe Dlamini, entrepreneurial owner of the Imali Group, is credited with saying risk, properly calculated equals profit.

10 (Smith, 2005: p. 10). If you emphasise part of a direct quotation by typing it in bold or italics, you must indicate that this is your own emphasis by including the words (own emphasis) in round brackets after the quotation. Own emphasising should be restricted to a minimum. American Psychological Association Exactica 2006 3333 For example: According to Smith (2005: p. 10), native speakers are more effective transmitters of cultural information (own emphasis). If a quotation forms part of a comprehensive argument, the punctuation is part of the argument and a full stop is placed outside the brackets or inverted comma. For example: Smith (2005: p. 10) contended that all good paragraphs contain a topic sentence, unless listing a chronological sequence of events . When a sentence in brackets or inverted commas starts with a capital letter, it indicates that the sentence is used independently and therefore requires a full stop inside the brackets or inverted comma.