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Rendering Pediatric Care Clinical Report—The …

Clinical Report The Impact of Social Media onChildren, Adolescents, and FamiliesabstractUsing social media Web sites is among the most common activity oftoday s children and adolescents. Any Web site that allows social inter-action is considered a social media site, including social networkingsites such as Facebook, MySpace, and Twitter; gaming sites and virtualworlds such as Club Penguin, Second Life, and the Sims; video sitessuch as YouTube; and blogs. Such sites offer today s youth a portal forentertainment and communication and have grown exponentially inrecent years. For this reason, it is important that parents becomeaware of the nature of social media sites, given that not all of them arehealthy environments for children and adolescents. Pediatricians arein a unique position to help families understand these sites and toencourage healthy use and urge parents to monitor for potential prob-lems with cyberbullying, Facebook depression, sexting, and exposureto inappropriate ;127:800 804 SOCIAL MEDIA USE BY TWEENS AND TEENSE ngaging in various forms of social media is a routine activity thatresearch has shown to benefit children and adolescents by enhancingcommunic

Clinical Report—The Impact of Social Media on Children, Adolescents, and Families abstract Using social media Web sites is among the most common activity of

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1 Clinical Report The Impact of Social Media onChildren, Adolescents, and FamiliesabstractUsing social media Web sites is among the most common activity oftoday s children and adolescents. Any Web site that allows social inter-action is considered a social media site, including social networkingsites such as Facebook, MySpace, and Twitter; gaming sites and virtualworlds such as Club Penguin, Second Life, and the Sims; video sitessuch as YouTube; and blogs. Such sites offer today s youth a portal forentertainment and communication and have grown exponentially inrecent years. For this reason, it is important that parents becomeaware of the nature of social media sites, given that not all of them arehealthy environments for children and adolescents. Pediatricians arein a unique position to help families understand these sites and toencourage healthy use and urge parents to monitor for potential prob-lems with cyberbullying, Facebook depression, sexting, and exposureto inappropriate ;127:800 804 SOCIAL MEDIA USE BY TWEENS AND TEENSE ngaging in various forms of social media is a routine activity thatresearch has shown to benefit children and adolescents by enhancingcommunication, social connection, and even technical sites such as Facebook and MySpace offer multiple daily oppor-tunities for connecting with friends, classmates, and people withshared interests.

2 During the last 5 years, the number of preadoles-cents and adolescents using such sites has increased to a recent poll, 22% of teenagers log on to their favoritesocial media site more than 10 times a day, and more than half ofadolescents log on to a social media site more than once a percent of teenagers now own cell phones, and 25% usethem for social media, 54% use them for texting, and 24% use them forinstant , a large part of this generation s social andemotional development is occurring while on the Internet and on of their limited capacity for self-regulation and susceptibilityto peer pressure, children and adolescents are at some risk as theynavigate and experiment with social media. Recent research indicatesthat there are frequent online expressions of offline behaviors, such asbullying, clique-forming, and sexual experimentation,4that have intro-duced problems such as cyberbullying,5privacy issues, and sexting.

3 6 Other problems that merit awareness include Internet addiction andconcurrent sleep parents today use technology incredibly well and feel comfort-able and capable with the programs and online venues that their chil-Gwenn Schurgin O Keeffe, MD, Kathleen Clarke-Pearson,MD, and COUNCIL ON COMMUNICATIONS AND MEDIAKEY WORDSI nternet, cyberbullying, online harassment, Facebookdepression, sexting, social media, digital footprint, COPPA,advertising, social networking, bullying, adolescents, childrenABBREVIATIONAAP American Academy of PediatricsThis document is copyrighted and is property of the AmericanAcademy of Pediatrics and its Board of Directors. All authorshave filed conflict of interest statements with the AmericanAcademy of Pediatrics. Any conflicts have been resolved througha process approved by the Board of Directors.

4 The AmericanAcademy of Pediatrics has neither solicited nor accepted anycommercial involvement in the development of the content ofthis guidance in this report does not indicate an exclusivecourse of treatment or serve as a standard of medical , taking into account individual circumstances, may Clinical reports from the American Academy of Pediatricsautomatically expire 5 years after publication unlessreaffirmed,revised, or retired at or before that (ISSN Numbers: Print, 0031-4005; Online, 1098-4275).Copyright 2011 by the American Academy of PediatricsGuidance for the Clinician inRendering Pediatric Care800 FROM THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF PEDIATRICS by guest on September 29, from dren and adolescents are using. Never-theless, some parents may find itdifficult to relate to their digitally savvyyoungsters online for several parents may lack a basic under-standing of these new forms of social-ization, which are integral to their chil-dren s frequently do nothave the technical abilities or timeneeded to keep pace with their chil-dren in the ever-changing addition, these parentsoften lack a basic understanding thatkids online lives are an extension oftheir offline lives.

5 The end result is of-ten a knowledge and technical skillgap between parents and youth, whichcreates a disconnect in how these par-ents and youth participate in the onlineworld OF CHILDREN ANDADOLESCENTS USING SOCIALMEDIAS ocialization and CommunicationSocial media sites allow teens to ac-complish online many of the tasks thatare important to them offline: stayingconnected with friends and family,making new friends, sharing pictures,and exchanging ideas. Social mediaparticipation also can offer adoles-cents deeper benefits that extend intotheir view of self, community, and theworld, including1,10:1. opportunities for community en-gagement through raising moneyfor charity and volunteering for lo-cal events, including political andphilanthropic events;2. enhancement of individual and col-lective creativity through develop-ment and sharing of artistic andmusical endeavors;3.

6 Growth of ideas from the creation ofblogs, podcasts, videos, and gamingsites;4. expansion of one s online connec-tions through shared interests toinclude others from more diversebackgrounds (such communicationis an important step for all adoles-cents and affords the opportunityfor respect, tolerance, and in-creased discourse about personaland global issues); and5. fostering of one s individual identityand unique social Learning OpportunitiesMiddle and high school students areusing social media to connect with oneanother on homework and group example, Facebook and sim-ilar social media programs allow stu-dents to gather outside of class tocollaborate and exchange ideas aboutassignments. Some schools success-fully use blogs as teaching tools,12which has the benefit of reinforcingskills in English, written expression,and Health InformationAdolescents are finding that they canaccess online information about theirhealth concerns easily and anony-mously.

7 Excellent health resources areincreasingly available to youth on a va-riety of topics of interest to this popu-lation, such as sexually transmitted in-fections, stress reduction, and signs ofdepression. Adolescents with chronicillnesses can access Web sites throughwhich they can develop supportive net-works of people with similar mobile technologies thatteens use daily, namely cell phones, in-stant messaging, and text messaging,have already produced multiple im-provements in their health care, suchas increased medication adherence,better disease understanding, andfewer missed the new social media venues allhave mobile applications, teenagerswill have enhanced opportunities tolearn about their health issues andcommunicate with their , because of their young age,adolescents can encounter inaccu-racies during these searches and re-quire parental involvement to besure they are using reliable onlineresources, interpreting the informa-tion correctly.

8 And not becomingoverwhelmed by the informationthey are reading. Encouraging par-ents to ask about their children sand adolescents online searchescan help facilitate not only discoveryof this information but discussion onthese OF YOUTH USING SOCIALMEDIAU sing social media becomes a risk toadolescents more often than mostadults realize. Most risks fall into thefollowing categories: peer-to-peer; in-appropriate content; lack of under-standing of online privacy issues; andoutside influences of third-party ad-vertising and OnlineHarassmentCyberbullying is deliberately using dig-ital media to communicate false, em-barrassing, or hostile informationabout another person. It is the mostcommon online risk for all teens and isa peer-to-peer online harassment is of-ten used interchangeably with theterm cyberbullying, it is actually adifferent entity.

9 Current data sug-gest that online harassment is not ascommon as offline harassment,15and participation in social network-ing sites does not put most childrenat risk of online theother hand, cyberbullying is quitecommon, can occur to any young per-son online, and can cause profoundpsychosocial outcomes including de-pression, anxiety, severe isolation,and, tragically, THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF PEDIATRICSPEDIATRICS Volume 127, Number 4, April 2011801 by guest on September 29, from SextingSexting can be defined as sending, re-ceiving, or forwarding sexually explicitmessages, photographs, or images viacell phone, computer, or other digitaldevices. 18 Many of these images be-come distributed rapidly via cellphones or the Internet. This phenome-non does occur among the teen popu-lation; a recent survey revealed that20% of teens have sent or posted nudeor seminude photographs or videos teens who haveengaged in sexting have been threat-ened or charged with felony child por-nography charges, although somestates have started characterizingsuch behaviors as juvenile-law ,21 Additional consequencesinclude school suspension for perpe-trators and emotional distress withaccompanying mental health condi-tions for victims.

10 In many circum-stances, however, the sexting incidentis not shared beyond a small peergroup or a couple and is not found tobe distressing at DepressionResearchers have proposed a newphenomenon called Facebook depres-sion, defined as depression that de-velops when preteens and teens spenda great deal of time on social mediasites, such as Facebook, and then be-gin to exhibit classic symptoms of 27 Acceptance by and con-tact with peers is an importantelement of adolescent life. The inten-sity of the online world is thought to bea factor that may trigger depression insome adolescents. As with offline de-pression, preadolescents and adoles-cents who suffer from Facebook de-pression are at risk for social isolationand sometimes turn to risky Internetsites and blogs for help that maypromote substance abuse, unsafe sex-ual practices, or aggressive or self-destructive CONCERNS AND THEDIGITAL FOOTPRINTThe main risk to preadolescents andadolescents online today are risksfrom each other, risks of improper useof technology, lack of privacy, sharingtoo much information, or posting falseinformation about themselves or types of behavior put theirprivacy at Internet users visit various Websites, they can leave behind evidence ofwhich sites they have visited.


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