RESEARCH METHODOLOGY - 14.139.185.6

1 RESEARCH METHODOLOGYSTUDY MATERIALSECOND SEMESTERCORE COURSE (2017 ADMISSION ONWARDS)UNIVERSITY OF CALICUTSCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATIONC alicut University , Malappuram, Kerala, India 673 635495 School of Distance EducationResearch MethodologyPage2 UNIVERSITY OF CALICUTSCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATIONSTUDY MATERIALSECONDSEMESTERMA POLITICAL SCIENCE(2017 ADMISSION ONWARDS)CORE COURSE :PS2C05: RESEARCH METHODOLOGYP repared by Professorand HeadPG Department of Political ScienceST. Mary s College,Sulthan BatheryLayout: H Section, SDE ReservedSchool of Distance EducationResearch MethodologyPage3 CONTENTSPAGE I RESEARCH METHODOLOGY05 16 MODULE II TYPES OF RESEARCH17 23 MODULE III SAMPLING24 28 MODULE IV DATA COLLECTION29 43 MODULE V PROBLEM FORMULATION44 48 MODULE VI RESEARCH REPORT49 58 REFERENCES59 School of Distance EducationResearch MethodologyPage4 School of Distance EducationResearch MethodologyPage5 MODULE IRESEARCH METHODOLOGYN ature & Meaning of ResearchIn the modern complex world every society today is faced with serious social,economic &political problems.

2 These problems need systematic, intelligent and Practical solutions. Problemsolving is technical process. It requires the accumulation of new knowledge. RESEARCH provides themeans for accumulating knowledge & wisdom. In other words, RESEARCH is a systematic effort ofgathering analysis & interpretation of problems confronted by humanity. It is a thinking process andscientific method of studying a problem and finding solution. It is an in-depth analysis based onreflective in common parlance refers to a search for knowledge. One can also defineresearch as a scientific and systematic search for pertinent information on a specific topic. Researchis an academic activity and the term should be used in a technical )-William Emory defines RESEARCH as "any organised enquiry designed and carried out toprovide information for solving a problem"b)The new Oxford English Dictionary defines RESEARCH is "the scientific investigation into andstudy ofmaterial, sources etc in order to establish facts and the reach new conclusions".

3 C)Redman and Mory defines, RESEARCH as "a systematised effort to gain new knowledge''.d)"A careful investigation or inquiry specially through search for new facts in any branchofknowledge" Advanced Leaner's of ResearchThe above definitions reveal the following characteristics of is a systematic and critical investigation into a is not mere compilation of adopts scientific is objective & is based on empirical is directed towards finding answers to emphasis the generalisationoftheories and of ResearchTheobjectives of RESEARCH can be grouped under the following gain familiarity with a phenomenon or to achieve new insights to solutions to of Distance EducationResearch portray accurately the characteristics of a particular individual situation or a determine the frequency with which somethingoccursor with which it is associated withsomething test a hypothesis ora casual relationship between in ResearchWhat makes people to undertake

4 RESEARCH ?The answer is as to get aresearch degree along with its to face the challenge in the solving the unsolved to get intellectual joy of doing some creative to be of service to to get of RESEARCH "All progress is born of enquiry. Doubt is oftenbetterthan overconfidence, for it leads toenquiry & enquiry leads to investigation". RESEARCH has an important roleinguiding social of the society & the cultural behaviour of the people require proper planning for theirwell development. Because knowledge & cultural behaviour of human being are interdependent. Areliable knowledge is needed for planning & this is possible only through is a kind of power with which onecan face the implication of a provides the basis for all govt policies in our economic help us in making predictions. Eg. ChernobilNuclear,nuclearplant disastrour,Bhopal gas is equally important in seeking answer to various social problems In addition tothis, the significance of RESEARCH can be understood with the following the students who are to write a PHD; it is a Professionals in RESEARCH METHODOLOGY , RESEARCH means a source oflive Philosophers & thinkers RESEARCH may mean the outlet for new ideas and literary man RESEARCH means the development of new styles & creative the intellectuals RESEARCH mean the generalisation ofnew of Distance EducationResearch MethodologyPage7 RESEARCH Method & RESEARCH MethodologyIt is necessary to explain the differences between RESEARCH methods & researchmethodology.

5 RESEARCH methods may be understood as all those methods & techniques that areused for conducting RESEARCH . RESEARCH methods, thus refer to the methods the researcher use inperforming the RESEARCH operations. In other words all those methods which are used by theresearcher during the course of his RESEARCH problem are termed as as RESEARCH METHODOLOGY is a way to systematically solve the RESEARCH problem. It may beunderstood as a science of studying how RESEARCH is done scientifically. Abraham Kaplan definesresearch METHODOLOGY in this way. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY is "the description, explanation&Justification of various methods of conducting RESEARCH ". RESEARCH METHODOLOGY has many dimensions and RESEARCH methods do constitute a part ofResearch METHODOLOGY . The scope of RESEARCH METHODOLOGY is wider than that of researchmethods.

6 "Thus, when wetalk of RESEARCH METHODOLOGY we not only talk of the RESEARCH methodsbut also considered the logic behind the methods we use in the context of our particular method ortechnique & why we are not using others. So that RESEARCH results are capable of beingevaluatedeither by the researcher himself or by others" Why a RESEARCH study has been undertaken how theresearch problem has been defined in what way & why the hypothesis has been formulated, whatdata have been adopted etc ate usually answered when wetalk of RESEARCH MethodResearch is a scientific endeavor"The Scientific Method is a systematic step-by-step procedure following the logical processof reasoning". (Clover ) Scientific Method is a means for gaining knowledge of theuniverse. It is an objective logical & Systematic Method of analysis of aphenomenon, devisepermit the accumulation ofreliableknowledge.

7 It is a systematized form of analysis. It ischaracterized by intellectual attitude. The Scientific Method is based on certain articles of faith theyare;a)Reliance on evidenceTruth is established on the basis of evident conclusion is admitted only when itisbased onevidenence. The answer to a question is not decided by imagination or guessb)Commitment to ObjectivityObjectivity is the hall mark of Scientific method. Objectivity is the willingness & ability toaccept truth with our )Ethical NeutralityScience does not pass normal judgment on facts. It does not say that they are good or never imposes anything. Science aims at nothing but making true & adequatestatements about the of Distance EducationResearch MethodologyPage8d)VerifiabilityThe conclusions arrived by a scientist should be verifiable. He must make known to othershow he reached at his conclusion. Such verifications help in further )Logical Reasoning ProcessThe Scientific Methodinvolves the logicalprocess of reasoning.

8 The reasoningprocess is used for drawing inference from thefinding of a study or for arriving at RESEARCH ProcessThe RESEARCH Process is the Paradigm of RESEARCH a RESEARCH project there arevarious scientific activities. The researchprocess is a system of Interrelated activities. Usuallyresearch begins with the selection of a problem. The various stages in the RESEARCH process areexplained in the above diagram. RESEARCH is a cyclical process. If the Data do not support thehypothesis, RESEARCH is repeated Kothari in his book, " RESEARCH METHODOLOGY : Methods & Techniques" presents a briefoverview of a RESEARCH process. He has given the following order concerning the RESEARCH the RESEARCH Literature the the RESEARCH sample of of the Projecte)ssaSelection & Formulation of a problemAnalysis & Interpretation of DateFormulation hypothesisGeneralisationFormulation RESEARCH designCollection of dataSchool of Distance EducationResearch of & of the of Good RESEARCH WorkerThe success of any RESEARCH to a great extent depends on the qualities of the qualities are two Qualitiesa)Scientific attitudeThe 1st essential qualityof a successful RESEARCH worker is that be must possess a scientificframe of mind.

9 Human beings have certain prejudices but a researcher should not be guided by must develop a spirit of science in his )Imagination & insightThe researcher must possess a high degree of imagination. He should be able to go deeper &deeper into the area of social phenomena & visualise the intangible aspects of )PerseveranceThe work of scientific RESEARCH requires unlimited patience. He should not get easilydiscouraged. He may often face serious difficulties. But he must develop courage to face, thedifficulties & work )Quick Grasping PowerThe Researcher should possess the power to grasp the significance of things )Clarity of thinkingA good Researcher should have clear idea about terminology that he is going to Qualitiesa)Knowledge of the SubjectThe researcher should be an expert in the study of the subject which he is going to he should read alltexts on the matter & form of clear-cut idea bout the subject under )Knowledge of the RESEARCH TechniqueSchool of Distance EducationResearch MethodologyPage10 The RESEARCH worker should also possess an ultimated knowledge of the techniques heapplies in solving the )Personal TasteA Personal taste in the study will inspire him & keep his morale high in times of )Unbiased AttitudeThe Researcher should have no pre conception about the subject under study.

10 He shouldmaintain an open Which Hinder in thecommunity is a powerful retarding of time, energy & is considered to the business of a few armchair faced by Researchers in IndiaResearchers in India particularly those engagedin RESEARCH inSocial Science face lack of scientific training in the METHODOLOGY of is insufficient interaction between the University RESEARCH Department and businessestablishments & govt. the fear of misusegovt. is not willing to supply basic does not exist a code of conduct for difficulty is insufficient secretarial management is not satisfactory in many of time and moneySocial Science ResearchSciences are broadly divided into physical sciences & social sciences. Social sciencesinclude various disciplines dealing with human nature, human life, human behaviour, social groups& Social institutions. Example Artropology, Commerce, Economics, Geography, History, Law,Political science, Phychology, Sociology etc.