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Risk Assessment of Heating, Ventilation, and Air ...

Risk Assessment of heating , Ventilating, and air - conditioning strategies in Low- load Homes Andrew Poerschke IBACOS, Inc. February 2016 NOTICE This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States government. Neither the United States government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, subcontractors, or affiliated partners makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights.

iii Risk Assessment of Heating, Ventilating, and Air-Conditioning Strategies in Low-Load Homes . Prepared for: The National Renewable Energy Laboratory

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1 Risk Assessment of heating , Ventilating, and air - conditioning strategies in Low- load Homes Andrew Poerschke IBACOS, Inc. February 2016 NOTICE This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States government. Neither the United States government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, subcontractors, or affiliated partners makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights.

2 Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States government or any agency thereof. Available electronically at SciTech Connect Available for a processing fee to Department of energy and its contractors, in paper, from: Department of energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information Box 62 Oak Ridge, TN 37831-0062 OSTI Phone: Fax: Email: Available for sale to the public, in paper, from: Department of Commerce national Technical Information Service 5301 Shawnee Road Alexandria, VA 22312 NTIS Phone: or Fax: Email.

3 Iii Risk Assessment of heating , Ventilating, and air - conditioning strategies in Low- load Homes Prepared for: The national renewable energy laboratory On behalf of the Department of energy s Building America Program Office of energy Efficiency and renewable energy 15013 Denver West Parkway Golden, CO 80401 NREL Contract No. DE-AC36-08GO28308 Prepared by: Andrew Poerschke IBACOS, Inc. 2214 Liberty Avenue Pittsburgh, PA 15222 NREL Technical Monitor: Stacey Rothgeb Prepared under Subcontract No. KNDJ-0- 40341-05 February 2016 iv The work presented in this report does not represent performance of any product relative to regulated minimum efficiency requirements.

4 The laboratory and/or field sites used for this work are not certified rating test facilities. The conditions and methods under which products were characterized for this work differ from standard rating conditions, as described. Because the methods and conditions differ, the reported results are not comparable to rated product performance and should only be used to estimate performance under the measured conditions. v Acknowledgments The author would like to acknowledge Thermal energy System Specialists, Inc.

5 And John Holton for their help with this project. vi Contents Acknowledgments .. v List of Figures .. vii List of Tables .. viii Definitions .. ix Executive Summary .. x 1 Introduction and Background .. 1 Background ..1 Research Questions ..2 2 Mathematical and Modeling Methods .. 3 Variable Parameters ..7 heating , Ventilating, and air - conditioning Control Strategy ..11 Internal Gains ..11 Computational Fluid Dynamics ..14 3 Research/Experimental Methods .. 15 4 Results .. 16 Computational Fluid Dynamics ..21 5 Discussion.

6 24 6 Conclusions .. 25 Integration Opportunities ..26 References .. 27 Appendix: Select Simulation Data .. 29 vii List of Figures Figure 1. House 1 Single-story ranch house on a crawl space.. 8 Figure 2. House 2 Two-story house on a slab.. 9 Figure 3. House 3 Two-story house with a basement.. 10 Figure 4. An example histogram. The bar color represents additional variables ( , season).. 16 Figure 5. Histogram plot of all models.. 17 Figure 6. Stacked histogram plot dividing seasonal data.. 19 Figure 7. Stacked histogram plot dividing each house by room.

7 20 Figure 8. Summary of ASHRAE Standard 55 cycle and drift analysis.. 21 Figure 9. Cooling simulation after 10 min of operation, initial air temperature 76 F and inlet air temperature 56 F.. 22 Figure 10. heating simulation after 10 min of operation, initial air temperature 71 F and inlet air temperature 110 F.. 22 Figure 11. heating simulation after 10 min of operation, partition door closed.. 23 Figure 12. Simulation temperature data for the two-story house over a basement, climate zone 5, hot days.. 29 Figure 13. Simulation temperature data for the case of the two-story house on a slab, climate zone 5, hot days.

8 30 Unless otherwise noted, all figures and photos were created by IBACOS. viii List of Tables Table 1. Overview of Maximum Simulation Parameters.. 3 Table 2. Reduced Number of Simulations: Case Numbers.. 4 Table 3. Parameter Matrix for Base Houses.. 6 Table 4. TRNSYS Model Parameters.. 7 Table 5. HVAC System Overview.. 11 Table 6. Control Strategy Overview.. 11 Table 7. Example Hourly Internal Gain Profile for One Day.. 13 Table 8. Internal Gain Monthly Multipliers.. 14 Table 9. Limited Set of Simulations.. 14 Unless otherwise noted, all tables were created by IBACOS.

9 Ix Definitions ACCA Air conditioning Contractors of America ACH50 Air changes per hour at 50 Pascals ACHnat Air changes per hour under typical pressure differentials BEopt Building energy Optimization (software) Btu British thermal units Btu/h British thermal units per hour CFD Computational fluid dynamics CFM Cubic feet per minute DOE Department of energy HVAC heating , ventilating and air conditioning SHGC Solar heat gain coefficient TRNSYS Transient System Simulation Tool (software) ZERH Zero energy Ready Home x Executive Summary Modern and energy -efficient homes that conform to the.

10 Department of energy s (DOE s) Zero energy Ready Home (ZERH) requirements are being constructed at an increasing rate. ZERH requirements closely align with the International energy Conservation Code (ICC 2012). One challenge that faces these homes in the marketplace, however, is the risk that traditional heating , ventilating, and air - conditioning (HVAC) systems will not provide adequate comfort. DOE s Building America Research team IBACOS found that low- load homes ( ZERHs) have differing room-to-room load densities and highly variable load densities throughout the day and year based on solar gains and internal gains (Poerschke and Stecher 2014).


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