Root Causes of Terrorism

1 Root Causes of TerrorismAddressing the Causes of a problem is often more effective than trying to fight itssymptoms and effects. InRoot Causes of Terrorism , a team of international expertsanalyses the possibilities and limitations of preventing and reducing Terrorism byaddressing the factors that give rise to it and sustain it. The questions raised include: What are the main circumstances that provide preconditions for the emergenceof various types of Terrorism ? What are the typical precipitants that trigger terrorist campaigns?

2 To what extent is it possible to reduce the problem of Terrorism by influencingthese Causes and circumstances? Should we address those factors that sustain terrorist campaigns rather than rootcauses?Tore Bj rgois Senior Research Fellow at the Norwegian Institute of InternationalAffairs (NUPI), and Research Director and Professor of Police Science at the Norwe-gian Police University Causes of TerrorismMyths, reality and ways forwardEdited by Tore Bj rgoFirst published 2005by Routledge2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4 RNSimultaneously published in the USA and Canadaby Routledge270 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group 2005 Tore Bj rgo for selection and editorial matter.

3 Individual authors for their contributionsAll rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in anyform or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented,including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system,without permission in writing from the Library Cataloguing in Publication DataA catalogue record for this book is available from the British LibraryLibrary of Congress Cataloging in Publication DataRoot Causes of Terrorism .

4 Myths, reality, and ways forward /edited by Tore Bj Terrorism . I. Bj rgo, '25 dc222005003573 ISBN 0-415-35149-9 (hbk)ISBN 0-415-35150-2 (pbk)This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005. To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge scollection of thousands of eBooks please go to ISBN 0-203-33765-4 Master e-book ISBNC ontentsList of figuresviiiList of tablesixList of contributorsxiPrefacexvii1 Introduction1 TORE BJ RGO2 Exploring roots of terrorism16 DIPAK K.

5 GUPTA3 Impoverished terrorists: stereotype or reality?33 JITKA MALECVKOV 4 The social and psychological characteristics of terrorismand terrorists44 JOHN HORGAN5 The socio-cultural underpinnings of terroristpsychology: When hatred is bred in the bone 54 JERROLD M. POST6 Social, organizational and psychological factors insuicide terrorism70 ARIEL MERARI7 Palestinian resistance and suicide bombing : causesand consequences87 HISHAM H. AHMED8 Roots of Terrorism in the Middle East: internalpressures and international constraints103 ABDULLAH YOUSEF SAHAR MOHAMMAD9 Nationalist separatism and Terrorism in comparativeperspective119 FERNANDO REINARES10 Root Causes of Terrorism ?

6 : a case study of the Tamilinsurgency and theLTTE131 SHRI KAARTHIKEYAN11 Right-wing terrorism141 WILHELM HEITMEYER12 Social-revolutionary Terrorism in Latin America andEurope154 PETER WALDMANN13 The use of Terrorism by organized crime: an Italian casestudy164 ALISON JAMIESON14 Patterns of state failure: the case of Lebanon178 FARID EL KHAZEN15 State sponsorship: a root cause of Terrorism ?189 LOUISE RICHARDSON16 Expected utility and state terrorism198 MICHAEL STOHL17 A conceptual framework for resolving Terrorism s causes215 JOSHUA SINAI18 Prevention of Terrorism : towards a multi-pronged approach223 ALEX P.

7 SCHMIDviContents19 Fire of Iolaus: the role of state countermeasures incausing Terrorism and what needs to be done241 ANDREW SILKE20 Conclusions256 TORE BJ Classification of terrorist groups and their Suicide bombings by the rebel groups within Israel and thePalestine Modified version of Schmid s typology of Generational pathways to Intensification of zero-sum Terrorism cycle (IZSTC) Overall context, options, targets, and objectives of right-wing Structural model for the analysis of right-wing extremist Schmid s typology of Poverty and Terrorism Human rights and Terrorism Comparison of profiles of 10 terrorist Incidents of suicide attacks, 1980 Factor analysis of violent activities by selected terrorist groups.

8 1980 2002 Nationality and motivation of groups that have used suicide The multidimensional cause-effect Socio-economic dimensions in Middle Eastern Recruitment motives of guerrillas/terrorists from Jumma and Number of armed conflicts worldwide, mid-1998 Terrorist incidents by region from 26 December 1997 to 8 March 2003236 ContributorsHisham H. Ahmedis an Associate Professor of Political Science at Birzeit University,Palestine. Born in 1963 in the Deheisheh refugee camp near Bethlehem, DrAhmed finished two years of university education in Palestine before he travelledto the USA where he obtained a BA degree in political science from Illinois StateUniversity in 1985.

9 He obtained his MA and degrees, also in politicalscience, at the University of California, Santa Barbara, in 1986 and 1988, respec-tively. Unable to immediately return to his homeland because of political turmoilduring the 1987 Intifada, he taught political science at the Florida InternationalUniversity in Miami, Florida from 1989 91 and at the University of NorthDakota from 1991 3, before returning to Palestine as a Fulbright scholar. In Pales-tine, Dr Ahmed has taught at several universities and colleges.

10 In addition to histeaching career, Dr Ahmed is the author of a number of studies dealing with theMiddle East, Islamic movements and American foreign Bj rgois Research Director and Professor of Police Science at the NorwegianPolice University College, and Senior Research Fellow at the Norwegian Instituteof International Affairs (NUPI), where he is heading a research group on terrorismand international crime. A social anthropologist by training, he received hisdoctoral degree from the University of Leiden, where he was a research , his main fields of research are political extremism and Terrorism , racistand right-wing violence, delinquent youth gangs, and international crime.