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1 propensity score matching ..1 Sample Size calculation ..25 ..55 / 2011 (Special Topic) / 2011 ( ) / 2011 (Special Topic) propensity score matching - 1 -2011 (Special Topic) - (Observational study) bias control2 Pit & score & score 4. , FAQ2 propensity score matchingPropensity score matching1- 3 - / RCT RCT .. `Confounding bias Regression, restriction, matching , stratification, `Selection bias `Selection bias.

2 matching , stratification, (are not perfect)4 RCT vs Observational studyRCT vs Observational study`Randomized clinical trial Outcome treatment ( ) . Selection bias . - Follow up loss ? Bias . ` (Observational study)Baseline covariate s imbalance . selection bias . 3- 4 -2011 (Special Topic) Adjusting Confoundings WeaknessAdjusting Confoundings -Weakness1. Data - matching , stratification1) 1).

3 Control subject . (substantial case-subject loss)2) matching (Multi-variate matching ) subject . 3) Overmatching (non-confounding variable matching )2. - multivariable analysis (ex: multiple logistic regression)1) (overestimation, underestimation, poor SE)2) bias reduction . Treatment effect or Treatment effect or . 3) Selection bias . 6 Observational study control confounding bias control confounding biasOutcome : Independent variable: Confounding variable: `Regression.

4 Multiple logistic regressionCancer = intercept + asbestos + smoking + errorCancer = intercept + asbestos + smoking + errorMhi (Sifii )` matching (Stratification)1) asbestos with smoking VS non-asbestos with smoking2) b t ith ki VS b t ith ki2) asbestos with non-smoking VS non-asbestos with non-smoking1) 2) dataset stratified analysis5- 5 - / propensity score ( )definitionPropensity score ( )definition.`T: treatment group`X: covariate`X: covariate`Probability(T=1|X) = a function of X X treatment (0<ps<1) (p) X `The dimension reduction of covariates XN( ( )) P( X ) d iN( (n )) x P( , X ) data matrix N x 1( propensity score ) vector8 propensity score method.

5 7- 6 -2011 (Special Topic) PS PS ` : logistic regression (called PS model) : 2 outcome regression -logistic regression (called PS model) : 2 outcome regression ` : Stent type survival curve (confounding variables )To estimate propensity score Stent type(Cypher vs Taxus) all covariate (confounding variables) subject Stent type = Cypher (PS score ) subject Stent type = Cypher (PS score ) ( ) 10 propensity score matching pyg1. - outcome ?- outcome ?

6 - ? 2. PS 2. PS - outcome , logistic regression subject )3. PS . - PS ? PS overlapped ?4. case subject PS control subject Good match ? Bad match ?- . - Case subject loss . ( power ) 6. Matched data analysis for outcome. 9- 7 - / SPSS PS ` ( ) Treatment groupoutcomeSPSS PS `Treatment ( )`Exposed group covariates`Probability(T=1|X) = a function of X-> X treatment = X covariates `estimated by logistic regressionClick!

7 12 SPSS PS ` ( ) Treatment groupoutcomeSPSS PS `Treatment ( )`Exposed group covariates`Probability(T=1|X) = a function of X-> X treatment = X covariates `estimated by logistic regression11- 8 -2011 (Special Topic) PS t hi PS matching ( ) . `R( matching package, )`Stata `Stata `SAS macro`SPSS macro( #RandomSampling)14 SPSS PS ` ( ) SPSS PS `Treatment ( )`Exposed group E tit d `Probability(T=1|X) = a function of X-> X treatment = X Estimated propensity score `estimated by logistic regression13- 9 - / M t hi lith i tMatching algorithm using computer`Greedy algorithm`Optimal algorithmpg16.

8 `PS matching . matching PS . age ? Age ps , ps matching gp ,pg age matching .15- 10 -2011 (Special Topic) Optimal algorithmcontrolOptimal algorithmcontrolGreedy 11 - / How many of control subject?How many of control subject? Good matching Control !~ therefore the rule of thumb is to choose a control data set at most nine ~ therefore, the rule of thumb is to choose a control data set at most nine times as large as the treatment group, ~ sample size 201:n matching1:n matching `1:1 matching vs 1:2 matching case subjets control subjects matching , 1:2 power( ).

9 Case subject ? Case subject ? case subject .`1:5 ? case , , . 19- 12 -2011 (Special Topic) matching data descriptionb l t t Ci t t t-balance test>>Covariate statusTotal PopulationPropensity-matched PopulationTable 1. Baseline Clinical CharacteristicsTotal PopulationPropensitymatched PopulationPES(n=562)SES(n=1033)p ValuePES(n=407)SES(n=407)p ValueAge, 65246 (43 8)432 (41 8)0 45185 (44 2)163 (38 9)0 12 Age 65246 ( )432 ( ) ( )163 ( ) ( )703 ( ) ( )290 ( ) presentation< angina205 ( )463 ( )159 ( )159 ( )U t bli245 (43 6)398 (38 5)165 (39 4)170 (40 6)Unstable angina245 ( )398 ( )165 ( )170 ( )AMI112 ( )172 ( )95 ( )90 ( )Current smoker144 ( )242 ( ) ( )109 ( ) mellitus190 ( )298 ( ) ( )118 ( ) ()()()()Hypertension333 ( )608 ( ) ( )268 ( ) ( )316 ( ) ( )115 ( )

10 History of CAD21 ( )41 ( ) ( )18 ( ) vascular disease8 ( )11 ( ) ( )8 ( ) infarction42 ( )86 ( ) ( )34 ( ) cerebrovascular event29 ( )52 ( ) ( )23 ( )> renal failure18 ( )34 ( ) ( )17 ( ) 3 11 959 5 11 40 8058 1 12 059 1 11 80 28fraction*, % <50%68 ( )126 ( ) ( )59 ( ) t hi matching `Stratified analysis . Univariable analysis ( balance )Paired t-test(Wilcoxon signed rank test)Stratified Chi-square test - (ex: Cochran-Mantel- Haenszel method, Mcnemartest)Stratified regression ( )- (ex: mixed model, two-way ANCOVA, Stratified logistic regression GEE)Survival analysis (outcome censored event )Survival analysis (outcome censored event )- Stratified log-rank test (ex: Prentice-Wilcoxon test, etc)- Stratified Cox regression.