SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT

1 SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENTBYDR. F. K. A. ALLOTEY*KING/CHAVEZ/PARKS VISITING PROFESSORTHE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGANANN ARBOR, MICHIGAN* Chairman, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Ghana Importance of science and TECHNOLOGY for socio-economic DEVELOPMENT Comparison of the newly developed countries and Africa Science and TECHNOLOGY as necessary but not sufficient factors fordevelopment Effects of high TECHNOLOGY on the Third World economy The role of basic science in the DEVELOPMENT of science and TECHNOLOGY Promotion of science and TECHNOLOGY International cooperationRole of scientific knowledge in developmentUntil recently economists considered land.

2 Labor and capital as theonly important economic factorsIntellectual pursuits and knowledge were seen as unrelated to andwithout any utility for concrete is now recognized that scientific knowledge is more essential forwealth creation of nations today than either capital or landUnique property of knowledgePhysical resources like energy and materials are mostly depleted whenutilizedOn the other hand knowledge is inexhaustibleThe more people have access to knowledge the more knowledge isproducedProfessor Freeman J. Dyson, of Institute of Advanced Studies,Princeton, in his book Infinite in all Directions, had this to say aboutTechnology: TECHNOLOGY is a gift of God.

3 After the gift of Life,it is perhaps the greatest of God s gifts. It is themother of civilization, of Arts and of continues to grow to liberate mankindfrom the constraints of the past. The mostrevolutionary aspect of TECHNOLOGY is its can learn it. It jumps easily overbarriers of race and language. And its mobility isstill increasing. On science and TECHNOLOGY depends the standard of living of a nationwhether inagriculturefood productiongood healthgood housingcommunicationbetter roadsTechnology changes were more important than changes in capital andlabor during the growth of US economy in the first half of the centuryIn the 1940's and 1950's a full 20% of US economic growth stemmedfrom research and developmentUsing science and TECHNOLOGY of the labor force in the north are infood productionIn Africa because of lack of scientific and TECHNOLOGY input 70% of thelabor force are in food production and yet cannot produce enoughThe widening gap in the economy

4 Between the north and south isessentially a manifestation of science and TECHNOLOGY gapThe Newly Industrialized NationsHong KongSouth KoreaTaiwanSingaporeHad the same economic conditions as many African countriesSouth Korea and Ghana in the 1960's had per capita GNP of $230 South Korea is now ten times more prosperous than GhanaBoth had a colonial historyWhy South Korea is successful but not GhanaIn 1960'sGhana government was Marxism orientedThe economy was centrally plannedThere was a national commitment to science and technologyLiteracy was lowSouth Korea had a free market economyThere was a national commitment to science and technologyLiteracy was highLiteracy rates in some Southeast Asian countries in 1990 Japan 99% China Korea 96% Taiwan 90%Singapore 90% Malaysia rates in some African countriesGhana Sierra Leone 69% Tanzania 43%Uganda 48% Senegal Burkina Faso 18%Nigeria Togo 43%This low literacy in subsaharan Africa explainsthe poor agricultural and industrial productivitylower standard of livinglower life expectancy Adult Literacy

5 Rate and Living Standard in 1990 Percentage of 1990 GNPA dult Literacy Rate Life Expectancy per Capita15 years and over at Birth in years in US Dollars_____Japan 28,220 Singapore 12,890 Taiwan 10,196 Hong Kong 16,500 Malaysia 2,490 South Korea 6,340 Nigeria D'Ivoire 43 of scientists and engineers per million of population (1989)Japan 3,548US 2,685 Europe 1,632 Arab states 202 Asia (minus Japan)

6 99 Africa 53 Why low literacy rates in AfricaLack of adequate funding of educationparticularly at primary and secondary levelsThe expenditure for primary and high schools in 1988 was$70 per people in AfricaIn developed countries it was $1,980 per peopleTraditional and cultural practicesLack of foreign exchangeLack of trained teachersIn the field of higher education in 1988 South Korea with a population of 43 million million in higher educationas many engineering students graduating from theirinstitutions as in the United Kingdom, West Germany andSweden combinedEthiopia with a population of 55 million had26,000 students Nigeria with a population 95 million had 335,000 students Ghana with a population of 16 million had 9,000 students Kenya with a population of 28 million had 88,000 students Senegal with a population of 8 million had 23.

7 000 studentsSome of the major factors for the rapid economic growth in thesoutheast Asia areGood educationHigh literacy ratesStrong scientific and technological baseFree market economyNational commitmentIt is essential to have a high literacy rate and TECHNOLOGY know-howfor socio-economic growthThey are only necessary conditionsThey are not sufficientCompare Russia under Marxism, South Africa under ApartheidThey had a high level of literacy and scientific knowledgeBecause of lack of free choice and competitive market they wereunable to translate their knowledge into socio-economic developmentof their peopleCompare the free market economy of the newly industrializedcountries (Taiwan, Singapore, South Korea, Hong Kong) and Marxiststates in the same region (Burma, North Korea, Vietnam, Cambodia)

8 Effects of high TECHNOLOGY on the economy of Third WorldNegative impact on economies of some countries that export rawmaterialsPhotonics will have economic repercussions for countries like Zambia,Zaire and Zimbabwe whose economy is based on copperGenetically engineered cocoa, palm oil, coconut oil will makedeveloped countries undercut what is a vital cash crop for severaldeveloping countriesPositive impact will outweigh any negative impactThe Role of Basic sciences Basic sciences :PhysicsBiologyChemistry andMathematicsform the foundation from which Applied sciences , TECHNOLOGY andEngineering are a proper foundation in basic sciences it is very difficult if notimpossible to achieve a sustainable scientific developmentAt an international conference in Sweden in 1995, the followingdeclaration and Recommendations for Action were made on basicsciences.

9 A foundation in basic science is essential for all research in theapplied sciences and for long-term supportadequate funding for basic sciences from domestic support andexternal aid programsis necessary to ensure that such a foundation exists forappropriate TECHNOLOGY and specific fields of applied researchand quality is maintained at all levels of educationsupport to DEVELOPMENT oriented research in the Third Worldshould include emphasis on the basic sciencesa strategy for support to the basic sciences should be articulatedby each developing country andresearch questions within the basic sciences must be chosenjudiciously with the future needs of the specific country in mindDecisive technical progress in science has been made without adefined particular aim 1.

10 One might ask whether an electronic industry could exist without theprevious discovery of electrons by people like J. J. Thompson and H. It did not happen that One might ask whether basic circuits in computers might have beenfound by people who wanted to build computers. As it happens, they werediscovered in the thirties by physicists dealing with counting of Or whether in an urge to provide better communication, one mighthave found electromagnetic waves. They were not found that way. Theywere found by Hertz who emphasized the beauty of physics and whobased his work on the theoretical considerations of Clerk One might ask whether there would be nuclear power because peoplewanted new power sources or whether the urge to have new power wouldhave led to the discovery of the nucleus.