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1 1 2008 1 25 1 vs 106 t 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1, , , , , , , , , , , 4, , , , , , , , , , , 2, , , , , , , , , , , 1, , , , , , , , , , , 8, , , , , , , , , , , 9, , , , , , , , , , , 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 1, , , , , , , , , , 4, , , , , , , , , , 3, , , , , , , , , , 1, , , , , , , , , , 9, , , , , , , , , , 11, , , , , , , , , , (1) World Mining Data 2 2008 1 25 3 2004 & 2008 1 25 4 2004 0%5%10%15%20%25%Excavated Rock/Recovered Metal ( )

2 Relative Frequency (%)Copper MinesGold MinesLead & Zinc Mines107106105104101081021031 Iron Mines3 (3) USGS BP FAO 106 t 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 , , , , , , , , , , , 1, , , , , , , , , , , , , , 4, , , , , , , , , , , , , , 3, , , , , , , , , , , , , , 1, , , , , , , , , , , , , , 9, , , , , , , , , , , , , , 11.

3 106 $ 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 49,76644,46537,84139,14551,54249,86552,9 1251,02744,34350,61543,95047,82863,36494 ,938 40,08140,83334,36539,39049,19546,03048,6 2539,77840,93747,47241,17439,22144,31866 ,679 31,28830,11030,75932,64532,46733,86431,6 7530,39729,94732,80233,21732,22138,60042 ,925 40,37736,52034,19638,09440,44941,79843,5 8244,44045,74345,41643,56846,10253,30053 ,954 161,511151,927137,160149,275173,653171,5 57176,794165,643160,971176,305161,910165 ,372199,582258,497 131,673128,410130,835141,788124,028139,3 89139,934141,242142,216137,758239,704159 ,880199,606359,303 476,808464,124409,278387,623423,248527,7 09503,645341,810475,263780,623668,732680 ,598811,106 1,121,055 107,520129,011157,211143,215128,658218,8 87201,183169,569189,887366,535360,064300 ,901524,456565,080 8867096887949741,4141,109893822736845934 1,0631,954 716,888722,255698,011673,421676,907887,3 98845,870653,514808.

4 188 1,285,652 1,269,345 1,142,313 1,536,231 2,047,392 878,399874,182835,172822,696850,560 1,058,955 1,022,664819,156969,159 1,461,957 1,431,255 1,307,685 1,735,813 2,305,889 800,341 1,049,725910,622885,305 1,011,000 1,110,604 1,100,261 1,110,726 1,029,009994,510 1,089,190 1,389,517 1,606,264 1,920,740 544,103 1,596,708 1,706,441527,303584,110607,139593,394569 ,576530,179546,849559,995562,677646,4857 45,256 2008 1 25 6 Fluid 2004 & 2008 1 25 7 (1)z 2008 1 25 8 (2)z High Risk, Vulnerability 5 2008 1 25 9 (3)z (1) / Drilling/Blasting / Loading/Haulage / Supporting/Backfilling Rock Mass Control / Safety/Health / Ventilation/Drainage / Lighting/Power Supply Tailings/Waste Disposal z (2)

5 / Ore Reserve Calculation/ Economic Evaluation Mining Method Selection Planning/Scheduling Mechanization/Automation / Communication/IT Environmental Preservation 2008 1 25 10 Mass Mines 2004 OreOre(103t)(103 t)1 MorenciUSASFL each204, Cu1 YanacochaPeruSFLeach121, Au g/t2 Radomiro TomicChileSFLeach103, Cu2 Round MountainUSASFMix67, Au g/t3 EscondidaChileSFMix98, Cu3 Cortez & PipelineUSASFMix38, Au g/t4 ChuquicamataChileSFMix82, Cu4 Newmont NevadaUSAS/UMix29, Au g/t5 CananeaMexicoSFMix78, Cu5 Cripple CreekUSASFL each18, Au g/t6 Freeport IndonesiaIndonesiaS/UMill67, Cu6 ParacatuBrazilSFMill17, Au g/t7El TenienteChileUGMix66, Cu7 TarkwaGhanaSFMix16, Au g/t8El AbraChileSFLeach64, Cu8 PierinaPeruSFLeach15, Au g/t9 Highland ValleyCanadaSFMill50.

6 Cu1 CarajasBrazilSFMill76, Fe10La CaridadMexicoSFMix49, Cu2 MinntacUSASFMill45, Fe11 Batu HijauIndonesiaSFMill49, Cu3 YandiAustraliaSFMill40, Fe12 Los PelambresChileSFMill46, Cu4Mt WrightCanadaSFMill38, Fe13 Bingham CanyonUSASFMill45, Cu5Mt NewmanAustraliaSFMill38, Fe14 ToquepalaPeruSFMix44, Cu6 Caue ComplexBrazilSFMill35, Fe15 Los BroncesChileSFMix41, Cu7 SishenSouth AfricaSFMill32, Fe16 CollahuasiChileSFMix41, Cu8 ConceicaoBrazilSFMill31, Fe17 RayUSASFMix40, Cu9 Robe RiverAustraliaSFMill31, Fe18 AlumbreraArgentinaSFMill35, Cu10 Hibbing TaconiteUSASFMill30, Fe19 DexingChinaSFMill35, Cu11 AlgeriaBrazil SFMill30, Fe20 Lomas BayasChileSFLeach33, Cu12 YandicooginaAustraliaSFMill27, Fe21 KGHMP olandUGMill30, Cu13 KudremukhIndiaSFMill26, Fe22 CuajonePeruSFMill29, Cu14 Carol LakeCanadaSFMill26, Fe23Ok TediPNGSFMill26, Cu15 TamanduaBrazilSFMill23, Fe24 ChinoUSASFMix25, Cu16 KirunaSwedenUGMill22, Fe25 ErdenetMongoliaSFMill25, Cu17 TildenUSASFMill22, Fe26 DzhezkazganKazakhstanS/UMill25, Cu18 West AngelasAustraliaSFMill22, Fe27 AndinaChileS/UMill25.

7 Cu19 San Isidro (Piar)VenezuelaSFMill21, Fe28 CandelariaChileSFMill24, Cu20 Casa de PerdaBrazilSFMill20, Fe29 BagdadUSASFMix24, Cu21 FabricaBrazilSFMill20, Fe30 ZaldivarChileSFLeach23, Cu22 National KeewatinUSASFMill20, Fe31 Cerro Verde IPeruSFLeach20, Cu23 EmpireUSASFMill19, Fe32 NchangaZambiaS/UMix19, Cu24Mt Tom PriceAustraliaSFMill17, Fe33 Mantos BlancosChileSFMix17, Cu25 PicoBrazilSFMill17, Fe34 AitikSwedenSFMill17, Cu26 NorthshoreUSASFMill15, Fe35 SarcheshmehIranSFMill17, Cu27 BailadilaIndiaSFMill15, Fe36 Cerro ColoradoChileSFLeach16.

8 CuHendersonUSAUGMill6, Mo37 SalvadorChileS/UMix16, CuFinschSouth AfricaUGMill5, cts/t38 Manto VerdeChileSFLeach16, CuCullinan (Premier)South AfricaUGMill4, cts/tOreGradeOreGradeMineCountryMineCoun tryTypeTypeSF S/U UG Mill Leach 6 2008 1 25 11 Surface Mining Surface Mining 2008 1 25 12 7 2008 1 25 13 Vol. 117 pp. 591 598 2001 (%) 2008 1 25 14 CollahuasiChuquicamata188019001920194019 601980200020202040 Year2004008001,0001,2000 Depth (m)600 Escondida 8 2008 1 25 150%1%2%3%'75'80'85'90'95'00'05'10 CODELCO 4 EscondidaBingham CanyonPalabora Escondida Escondida 01 12 JOGMEC Cavability 2008 1 25 16 Block Caving (1) Block Caving Geomechanics (Brown, 2007) 9 2008 1 25 17 Block Caving (2)

9 02004006008001,0001,20019401950196019701 9801990200020102020 Mines having made transition from OP to UG Mines having made transition after 2000 orconsidering to make transition from OP to UGMaximum Pit Depth (m)YearParabolaChuquicamataBingham CanyonGrasberg Block Caving Geomechanics (Brown, 2007) The International Caving StudyICSI 1997 2000zDe Beers Consolidated MineszTVX GoldzNorthparkes MineszNewcrest MiningzPT Freeport IndonesiazCODELCO ChilezRio Tinto Limited Technical ServiceszBHP CopperzNorlandazITSCA (Research Partner)ICSII 2001 2004zDe Beers Consolidated MineszWestern MiningzNorthparkes MineszNewcrest MiningzRio Tinto Limited Technical ServiceszSandvik TamrockzCODELCO IM2zAnglo American Technical ServiceszLKABzITSCA (Research Contractor) 50 m50 100 m100 150 m150 200 m200 250 m250 300 m300 350 m350 400 m400 450 m450 500 m After 1990 1970 1990 Before 1970 Block Height (m)Relative Frequency10 2008 1 25 19 Block Caving (1)

10 Z Porphyry Copper Deposits z z z