SECOND DRAFT COPY Master Metaphor List

1 SECOND DRAFT COPYM aster Metaphor ListFirst Edition Compiled ByGeorge Lakoff,Jane Espenson, and Adele GoldbergAugust, 1989 SECOND Edition Compiled ByGeorge Lakoff,Jane Espenson, and Alan SchwartzCognitive Linguistics GroupUniversity of California at BerkeleyOctober,1991 This is the SECOND attempt to compile in one place the results of Metaphor research sincethe publication of Reddy s The Conduit Metaphor and Lakoffand Johnson sMetaphorsWeLive list is a compilation taken from published books and papers,student papers at Berkeleyand elsewhere, and research seminars. This represents perhaps20 percent (a very rough estimate) of the material we have that needs to be compiled. Compiling includes reanalyzing the metaphors and fitting them into something resem-bling a uniform format.

2 The present list is anything but a finished product. This catalog isnot intended to be definitive inany what happens to have been cata-logued by volunteer labor by the date of distribution. Weare making it available to stu-dents and colleagues in the hope that theycan improve upon it and use it as a place tobegin further expect to have subsequent drafts appearing at regular intervals. Readersare encour-aged to submit ideas for additions and of the size and complexity of the list, we have included a number of features tomakeusing it Table of Contents at the beginning of the catalog lists the filesin each of the four sections in the order in which beginning of eachsection is a brief description of the metaphors contained ,analphabetizedindexofmetaphor names has been ble of ContentsEVENT STRUCTURE EVENTS pp.

3 80-139 MentalMentalAdversaryMentalFoodMentalIma geMentalLocMentalObjMentalMiscMiscIdeasB eliefsTheoriesDebateCommunicationLogicPe rceptionPsychologicalForcesRationalityRe searchOtherMental-2-EMOTIONS STRUCTURE EVENTSTRUCTURETHE EVENT STRUCTURE METAPHORICAL SYSTEM1. Attributes are EntitiesNote: Attributes refers to States and File: Attributes2. Attribution is Co-LocationNote:Association of an entity and an attribute is understood as co-location of that entity and that attribute. (Eitherlocationat a place, or possession of an object.)3. Changeis Relative MotionNote:Change is Motion of the entity and attribute relative File: Change4. Causationis Control overRelative LocationNote:See File: Causation5. Purposesare Desired Co-Locational RelationsNote: Desired Co-Locational Relations include desiredlocations and desired case 1: EVENT STRUCTURE (LOCATION CASE)Note:See The File For This Metaphor : EventStructLocSpecial sub-case 1: States areLocationsSpecial sub-case 2: Change is Motion-2-EVENT STRUCTURE EVENTSTRUCTURES pecial sub-case 3: Causation is Control Over an Entity Relative toaLocationSpecial case 2: EVENT STRUCTURE (OBJECT CASE)Note:See the File For This Metaphor : EventStructObjSpecial sub-case 1: Properties arePossessionsSpecial sub-case 2: Change is Getting/LosingSpecial sub-case 3.

4 Causation is Control Over an Object Relative toaPossessor-3-EVENT STRUCTURE Event Structure (Location)EVENT STRUCTURE (LOCATION CASE)Note:In this large metaphorical system we understand various aspectsof being and acting as interaction between an entity and a ARE LOCATIONSNote:See File on this Metaphor : StatesSource Domain:locationsTarget Domain:statesCHANGE IS MOTIONA lternate names:CHANGE OF STATEISCHANGE OF LOCA-TIONS ource Domain:motion, change of locationTarget Domain:change of state, changeNote:See File on this Metaphor : Change-4-EVENT STRUCTURE Event Structure (Location)CAUSATION IS CONTROL OVER AN ENTITY RELATIVE TOALOCA-TIONA lternate names:CAUSED CHANGE IS FORCED MOTION1. MEANSOF CHANGE IS PATHOVER WHICH MOTION OCCURS2.

5 NECESSARYPREREQUISITE FOR CHANGE IS SOURCE OFMOVING ENTITYNote:See File on These Metaphors: CausationLocSELF-INITIATED CHANGE OF STATEISSELF-PROPELLED MOTIONA lternate names:ACTING IS MOVINGNote:Giventhat change is motion to a newstate, and thatcausation is control overanentity relative toalocation,then if an action is conceptualized as self-caused changeto a newstate then this action is understood as self-propelled motion to the newlocation:He exercised to the point of :See File on This Metaphor : ActionLONGTERM PURPOSEFUL CHANGE IS A JOURNEYNote:See File: LongtermActionNote:Formetaphors involving the interaction betweenapurposeful actor and external events see the file:ExternalEvents-5-EVENT STRUCTURE Event Structure (Object)EVENT STRUCTURE (OBJECT CASE)Note:In this large metaphorical system we understand various aspectsof being and acting as interaction between an entity and an ARE POSSESSIONSShe has a pleasant :See File on This Metaphor : PropertiesCHANGE IS GETTING/LOSING1.

6 GettingaProperty is Getting a Possession2. LosingaProperty is Losing a Possession3. Regaing a Property is Regaining a Possession4. Purposesare Desired PossessionsNote:See File on This Metaphor : ChangeCAUSATION IS CONTROL OVER AN OBJECT RELATIVE TOAPOS-SESSORNote:See File For This Metaphor : CausationObj-6-EVENT STRUCTURE AttributesATTRIBUTES ARE ENTITIESS ource Domain:objectsTarget Domain:attributesSpecial case 1: STATES ARE LOCATIONSNote:See File on this Metaphor : StatesSpecial case 2: PROPERTIES ARE POSSESSIONSNote:See File on this Metaphor : PropertiesNote:This is a highly abstract mapping. It is intended toreflect the structure held in common betweenSTATES ARE LOCATIONS and PROPERTIES ARE STRUCTURE StatesSTATES ARE LOCATIONSS ource Domain:locationsTarget Domain:statesHe is in kind of a state was he in when you sawhim?

7 She can stay/remain silent for is at rest/at remained is at a certain stage in his state is the project in?1. Purposesare DestinationsAlternate names:Desired States are Desired LocationsNote:This is a sub- Metaphor of STATES ARE LOCATIONSIt took him hours to reach a state of perfect Comparisonof States is Comparison of DistanceNote:See File on this domain: ComparisonSpecial case 1: Harm is Being in Harmful LocationNote:See File on this domain: HarmLocSpecial case 2: Existence is a Location (Here)Note:See File on this domain: ExistenceSpecial case 3: Opportunities areOpen Paths-8-EVENT STRUCTURE StatesNote:See File: OpportunitiesNote:STATES ARE LOCATIONS is part of an extensive Metaphor forunderstanding not only States, but also Changes, Actions, Causes,and Means.

8 The entire collection of these mappings, taken as a singlelarge mapping with manyparts, is called THE EVENT STRUCTURE the file: STRUCTURE StatesSTATES ARE SHAPESWhat shape is the car in?His prison stay failed to reform :This Metaphor interacts with the Metaphor CAUSES ARE PHYSICAL Metaphor may actually be more narrow:STATES THATARE IMPORTANT TOPURPOSES ARE one can be fit for service or in no shape to drive It may not be a way to talk about states IN Metaphor is often used transitively with SHAPES ARE SocialInteraction is Containment in a Prescribed ShapeHe doesn tfitinShe sasquare peg2. IdealPhysical State is a Canonical ShapeShe sgetting in shapeI m out of shapeHe sphysically fit3. Changeof State is Change of ShapeShape up!

9 He is a conformistShe sareformed criminalNote:Uses CAUSES ARE FORCES4. Appropriatenessof a State is FittingnessThe consequences were fittingHe let the punishment fit the crimeBibliography:Jenn Hasty (185, 89), Alan Schwartz-10-EVENT STRUCTURE PropertiesPROPERTIES ARE POSSESSIONSShe has a nice sense of lost his tolerance for gained a got his red hair from his gav ehis son a sense of giveshis art a certain :Examples like"get sick" do not belong here. Notice that"He acquired a bad temper."is clearly PROPERTIES ARE POSSESSIONS, and means what we wouldexpect--a bad temper is a fairly permanent trait. But"He got mad"is quite different--it is not permanent, and is actually more likeaSTATE! STATES ARE LOCATIONS is interacting transitively withLOCATIONS ARE POSSESSIONS to create something that looks very muchlikePROPERTIES ARE POSSESSIONS!

10 1. Comparisonof Properties is Comparison of PossessionsNote:See File on this: ComparisonSpecial case 1: Harm is Having a Harmful PossessionNote:See File on this: HarmObjSpecial case 2: Harm is Lacking a Desired PossesionNote:See File on this: HarmObjSpecial case 3: Existence is an ObjectNote:See the File on this Metaphor : ExistenceSpecial case 4: Opportunities areObjects-11-EVENT STRUCTURE PropertiesNote:See File: OpportunitiesWELL-BEING IS WEALTHA lternate names:BENEFICIAL PROPERTIES ARE MONETARYPOSSESSIONSI amthe richest man in the world: I have the love has enriched my is a poor man who has no love cynics of this world lead impoverished :This is likeProperties are Possessions, but with the addedstipulation that one only possesses beneficial properties are mapped as a LACK of ARE CONTENTSS pecial case 1: Abilities areEntities inside a PersonHe doesn thav eit in him to be polite to his lacks internal/intestinal has a great capacity for metaphors:Similar to EMOTIONS ARE ENTITIESINSIDE A PERSONS ource Domain:entities, objectsTarget Domain:ability-12-EVENT STRUCTURE PropertiesPROPERTIES ARE PHYSICAL PROPERTIESS pecial case 1: IMPORTANCE IS A PHYSICAL PROPERTY1.