Example: quiz answers

SELECTIVE PERCEPTION - University of Arizona

CHAPTER1 SELECTIVEPERCEPTION"Wedonotfirstsee,then define,wedefinefirstandthensee."-WalterL ippmann(citedinSnyder&Uranowitz,1978) , , ,butaswillbecomeclear, , (1949).BrunerandPostmanpresentedpeoplewi thaseriesoffiveplayingcardsonatachis-tos cope(amachinethatcandisplaypicturesforve rybriefintervals), !BrunerandPostmanfoundthatittookpeoplemo rethanfourtimeslongertorecognizeatrickca rdthananor-malcard,andtheyfoundthatmostr eactionstotheincongruitycouldbecategoriz edasoneoffourtypes:dominance,compromise, disrup-tion, "perceptualdenial."Forexample,facedwitha blackthreeofhearts, ,formisdominantandcolorisassimilatedtopr iorexpectations,andinthesecondcase,color 1516 PERCEPTION ,MEMORY, 'sexperi-ment,27of28subjects(or96percent ofthepeople) ,someofBrunerandPostman' "greyish"fourofspades,orthataredsixofclu bswas"thesixofclubsilluminatedbyredlight "(remember,experi-mentalsubjectswereshow nthecardsonatachistoscope).

16 PERCEPTION, MEMORY, AND CONTEXT is dominant and form is assimilated. In Bruner and Postman's experi­ ment, 27 of 28 subjects (or 96 percent ofthe …

Fullscreen Download

Tags:

  Selective, Perceptions, Selective perception

Information

Domain:

Source:

Link to this page:

Please notify us if you found a problem with this document:

Other abuse

Transcription of SELECTIVE PERCEPTION - University of Arizona

1 CHAPTER1 SELECTIVEPERCEPTION"Wedonotfirstsee,then define,wedefinefirstandthensee."-WalterL ippmann(citedinSnyder&Uranowitz,1978) , , ,butaswillbecomeclear, , (1949).BrunerandPostmanpresentedpeoplewi thaseriesoffiveplayingcardsonatachis-tos cope(amachinethatcandisplaypicturesforve rybriefintervals), !BrunerandPostmanfoundthatittookpeoplemo rethanfourtimeslongertorecognizeatrickca rdthananor-malcard,andtheyfoundthatmostr eactionstotheincongruitycouldbecategoriz edasoneoffourtypes:dominance,compromise, disrup-tion, "perceptualdenial."Forexample,facedwitha blackthreeofhearts, ,formisdominantandcolorisassimilatedtopr iorexpectations,andinthesecondcase,color 1516 PERCEPTION ,MEMORY, 'sexperi-ment,27of28subjects(or96percent ofthepeople) ,someofBrunerandPostman' "greyish"fourofspades,orthataredsixofclu bswas"thesixofclubsilluminatedbyredlight "(remember,experi-mentalsubjectswereshow nthecardsonatachistoscope).

2 HalfofBrunerandPostman'ssubjectsshowedco mpromiseresponsestoredcards, , ,butwhenithappened, ,oneexperimentalsubjectexclaimed:"Idon't knowwhatthehellitisnow, 'saplayingcard."Likewise,anothersubjects aid:"Ican'tmakethesuitout, ' 'tknowwhatcoloritisnoworwhetherit' 'mnotevensurenowwhataspadelookslike!MyGo d!"Thefinalreactionwas,ofcourse, , ,sixofBrunerandPostman' ,asubjectwhowasshownaredsixofspadesthoug htthesymbolswerereversed,andasubjectwhow asshownablackfourofheartsdeclaredthatthe spadeswere"turnedthewrongway." ,wordsofBrunerandPostman( ):"Perceptualorgani-zationispowerfullyde terminedbyexpectationsbuiltuponpastcom-m ercewiththeenvironment."Whenpeoplehaveen oughexperiencewithaparticularsituation, # ,youwereaskedtocounthowmanytimesthelette rfappearedinthefollowingsentence:Thesefu nctionalfuseshavebeendevelopedafteryears ofscientificinvestigationofelectricpheno mena, (Block&Yuker,1989).

3 Thecorrectansweris11(includ-ingfourtimes inwhichfappearsinthewordof).Becauseexper iencedSELECTIVEPERCEPTION17speakersprono uncethewordofwitha"v"sound,theyhavemored iffi-cultydetectingtheseoccurrencesofthe letterfthandoinexperiencedspeakers,andas a result, ,youaretold,istodrinkavodkaandtonic,wait twentyminutesforthealcoholtoenteryourblo odstream, ,handsyoutheglass, ,afemaleassistantenterstheroom,sitsdown, (1977)conductedthisexperiment,theyfoundt hatsubjectswhothoughttheyhadbeengivenavo dkaandtonicshowedmuchsmallerincreasesinh eartratethansub-jectswhothoughttheyhadbe engiventonicwateralone-regardlessofwheth ersubjectshadactuallyingest~ ; ,StephenSmith,andElisabethWells-Parker(1 989) , "sensationseekers"wholikedtotakerisks,an dothershadbeenidentifiedaslow"sensations eekers."Then,halfanhourafterdrinkingthei rbeverages, ,rightlyorwrongly, , (Jones,1971).18 PERCEPTION ,MEMORY, (TakenfromHastodandCantril,1954.)

4 ThisdifferenceofopinionledHastorfandCant riltowonderwhetherDartmouthandPrincetons tudentswereactuallyseeingdifferentgames, ,theyaskedanewgroupofstudentsateachschoo ltowatcha , , ( ),whereasPrincetonstudentssawtheDartmout hteamcommitmorethantwiceasmanyinfraction sasthePrincetonteam( ).Infact,therewassuchadiscrepancyinperce ptionsthatwhenPrincetonsentacopyofthefil mtoseveralDartmouthalum-niforagroupshowi ng,oneDartmouthalumnuswhopreviewedthefil mcouldnotseeanyoftheDartmouthinfractions and,inconfusion,sentPrincetonatelegramas kingfortherestofthefilm!Basedonthesediff erencesinperception,HastorfandCantril(19 54, )concludedthat:"Itseemsclearthatthe'game ' ,DDartmouthinfractionsVl:JIIIP rinceton'" 'U<l)6C<l) '-'-'0'""'<l) :::l3'"<l)b!Jto'""'2<l); ::IntheseexperimentsandtheexperimentofBr unerandPostman,people' "cognitive" ; ,desires,andemotionalattachmentsareknown as"motivational" ,1951,theDartmouthandPrincetonfootballte amswentheadtoheadinPrincetonUniversity' , 'sstarplayer,whohadjustappearedonthecove rofTimemagazine, , , ,fourdaysafterthegame,awriterfortheDaily Princetonian(Princeton'sstu-dentnewspape r)declared:"Thisobserverhasneverseenquit esuchadisgustingexhibitionofso-called'sp ort.

5 'Bothteamswereguiltybuttheblamemustbelai dprimarilyonDartmouth' ,obvi-ouslythebetterteam,hadnoreasontoro ughupDartmouth."Onthesameday,theDartmout h(Dartmouth'sundergraduatenewspaper)char gedthatPrinceton'scoachhadinstilleda"see -what-they-did-go-get-themattitude" , (asocialpsychologistthenatDartmouth)andH adleyCantril(aPrincetonsurveyresearcher) .Capital-izingonthecontroversy,Hastorfan dCantril(1954) ,amongothers:"Fromwhatyousawinthegameort hemovies,orfromwhatyouhaveread,whichteam doyoufeelstartedtheroughplay?"Notsurpris ingly, ,53percentassertedthatbothsidesstartedit , ,86percentofthePrincetonstudentsfeltthat Dartmouthhadstart-edit, ,MEMORY,ANDCONTEXT differentpeoplehavedifferent'attitudes'c oncerningthesame'thing.'Forthe'thing'sim plyisnotthesamefordifferentpeoplewhether the'thing'isafootballgame,apresidentialc andidate,Communism,orspinach."In1981,Joh nLoyandDonaldAndrewscarefullyreplicatedH astorfandCantril'sstudy, ,RobertVallone,LeeRoss,andMarkLepper(198 5) ,Ross,andLeppercalledthisphenomenonthe"h ostilemediaeffect," ,theyasked160registeredvoterstoindicatew hethermediacoverageofthecandidateshadbee nbiased,andifso, ,andinrougWy90per-centofthesecases, ,Vallone,Ross,andLepper(1985)conductedas econdstudyinwhich68"pro-Israeli"colleges tudents,27"pro-Arab"students,and49"gener allymixed"or"neutral"studentswatchedthes amesetoftelevisednewssegmentscoveringthe tragicBeirutmassacre(in1982,a seriesofArab-Israeliconflictshadresulted inthemassacreofArabciviliansintherefugee campsatSabraandChatilla,Lebanon).

6 ,Vallone,Ross, ,pro-Israelistudentsthoughtthesegmentswe rebiasedagainstIsrael, ,pro-Arabstudentsfeltthatthenewsprograms hadexcusedIsrael"whentheywouldhaveblamed someothercountry,"whereaspro-Israelistud entsfelttheprogramsblamedIsrael"whenthey wouldhaveexcusedsomeothercountry."Asinth ecaseoftheDartmouth-Princetongame,Vallon e,Ross,andLepperfoundthatthesedisagreeme ntswerenotsimplydifferencesofopinion; , , ,ontheotherhand, ,pro-Israelistu-dentsthoughtthatmostneut ralviewerswouldbecomemorenegativetowardI sraelasaresultofwatchingthenewsclips, ,Ross, ,arbitration, ,whenpeoplebecomecommittedtoaparticularc auseoracourseofaction, ,bytheirverynature, ' ,beforemakitiganiniportantjudgmentordeci sion,itoftenpaystopauseandaska fewkeyquestions:AmImotivatedtoseethingsa cer-tainway?WhatexpectationsdidIbringint othesituation?WouldIseethingsdifferently withouttheseexpectationsandmotives?

7 HaveIcon-sultedwithotherswhodon'tsharemy expectationsandmotives?Byaskingsuchquest ions,decisionmakerscanexposemanyofthecog ni-tiveandmotivationalfactorsthatleadtob iasesinperception.

Show more

Related documents

Infant Visual Perception - kellmanlab.psych.ucla.edu

Infant Visual Perception - kellmanlab.psych.ucla.edu

kellmanlab.psych.ucla.edu

perception was standard empiricist (e.g., Piaget, 1952, 1954). He did place greater emphasis on action, rather. 110 Infant Visual Perception than mere sensory associations, as the means by which meaningful reality emerges from initially meaningless sensations.

  Perceptions

Part III: Line Drawings and Perception - Graphics Group

Part III: Line Drawings and Perception - Graphics Group

gfx.cs.princeton.edu

Line Drawings and Perception Doug DeCarlo Line Drawings from 3D Models SIGGRAPH 2005 Course Notes Part III: Line Drawings and Perception Doug DeCarlo Line Drawings from 3D Models SIGGRAPH 2005 Course Notes. 2 Line drawings Albrecht Dürer , “The Presentation in the Temple” ...

  Line, Perceptions, Drawings, Line drawings and perception

Curriculum OF PERCEPTION - American Promise

Curriculum OF PERCEPTION - American Promise

americanpromise.org

– Art Jones, Power of Perception teaching artist and co-writer. 8 GUIDE FOR FACILITATORS This guide was created to support a deeper understanding of the curriculum’s goals, objectives, expectations, and opportunities for youth development. The residency teaches students how

  Perceptions, Of perception

Intra Personal Processes UNIT 5 PERCEPTION

Intra Personal Processes UNIT 5 PERCEPTION

arunk.com

Perception is a dynamic process because it involves ordering and attaching meaning to raw sensory data. Our sensory apparatus is bombarded with vast amounts of

  Processes, Unit, Personal, Train, Perceptions, Intra personal processes unit 5 perception

Science of Equality - Perception

Science of Equality - Perception

perception.org

Perception was an effort on our part to increase awareness and understanding of how the mind and race interact. As important as implicit bias is to understanding race and our daily lives, however,

  Sciences, Equality, Perceptions, Science of equality

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY - Perception

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY - Perception

perception.org

www.perception.org 7 is accompanied by other racially-skewed effects, such as the over-portrayal of Black-on-White violence, and the increased likelihood that a Black defendant will face prejudicial pretrial

  Executive, Perceptions

Today Sensation &amp; Perception - Georgia Tech Sonification Lab

Today Sensation & Perception - Georgia Tech Sonification Lab

sonify.psych.gatech.edu

4 Extrastriate Pathways, II •Dorsal system –“Where” or “How” pathway –Perception of movement, location, orientation Visual Functions Overview

  Perceptions, Sensation, Sensation amp perception

Perception: From Biology to Psychology

Perception: From Biology to Psychology

faculty.weber.edu

1 Perception: From Biology to Psychology III. PERCEPTION: BIOLOGY TO PSYCH A. Perception as Meaning Making What do you see? Perception is a process of meaning-making because we attach meanings to sensations.

  Form, Perceptions, Biology, Psychology, From biology to psychology

Perception of Features and Perception of Objects

Perception of Features and Perception of Objects

aardvark.ucsd.edu

The binding problem in perception deals with the question of how we achieve the experience of a coherent world of integrated objects, and avoid seeing a world of disembodied or wrongly combined shapes, colours, motions, sizes and distances.

  Feature, Perceptions, Object, Perception of features and perception of objects

Perception Checking best explaination

Perception Checking best explaination

cf.linnbenton.edu

Perception checking is a good tool to help you understand others accurately instead of jumping to conclusions or assuming that your first interpretation is the correct one.

  Perceptions, Checking, Perception checking

Related search queries

Perception, Line Drawings and Perception, Of Perception, Intra Personal Processes UNIT 5 PERCEPTION, Science of Equality, EXECUTIVE, Sensation & Perception, Perception: From Biology to Psychology, Perception of Features and Perception of Objects, Perception checking