SEPTEMBER 2016 SBAS AND AUSTRALIA - Space …

1 REPORT TO THE Space INDUSTRY ASSOCIATION OF AUSTRALIA SEPTEMBER 2016 SBAS AND AUSTRALIA POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS OF AN SBAS IN AUSTRALIA ACIL ALLEN CONSULTING PTY LTD ABN 68 102 652 148 LEVEL FIFTEEN 127 CREEK STREET BRISBANE QLD 4000 AUSTRALIA T+61 7 3009 8700 F+61 7 3009 8799 LEVEL ONE 15 LONDON CIRCUIT CANBERRA ACT 2600 AUSTRALIA T+61 2 6103 8200 F+61 2 6103 8233 LEVEL NINE 60 COLLINS STREET MELBOURNE VIC 3000 AUSTRALIA T+61 3 8650 6000 F+61 3 9654 6363 LEVEL ONE 50 PITT STREET SYDNEY NSW 2000 AUSTRALIA T+61 2 8272 5100 F+61 2 9247 2455 LEVEL TWELVE, BGC CENTRE 28 THE ESPLANADE PERTH WA 6000 AUSTRALIA T+61 8 9449 9600 F+61 8 9322 3955 161 WAKEFIELD STREET ADELAIDE SA 5000 AUSTRALIA T +61 8 8122 4965 SUGGESTED CITATION FOR THIS REPORT ACIL ALLEN CONSULTING ( SEPTEMBER 2016 ), POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS OF AN SBAS IN AUSTRALIA ACIL ALLEN CONSULTING 2016 SBAS AND AUSTRALIA POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS OF AN SBAS IN AUSTRALIA ii G L O S S A RY OF T E R M S AACN Advanced Automatic Collision Notification ACNS Automated Collision Notification Systems ADS-B automatic dependent surveillance broadcast AIS Automatic Identification System AMSA Australian Maritime Safety Authority APV Approach procedures with Vertical Guidance ARTC Australian Rail Track Corporation ATMS Automatic Train Management Systems Baro-VNAV barometric vertical navigation BTM Balise Transmission Module CASA Civil Aviation Safety Authority.

2 C-ITS Cooperative Intelligent Transport Systems COMPASS China s Beidou Satellite Constellation CORS Continuously Operating Reference Stations CTF Controlled Traffic Farming DDCs delays, diversions and cancellations DGNSS Differential Global National Satellite Systems DGPS Differential Global Positioning Systems DOT Department of Transport (USA) EC European Commission EGNOS European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service SBAS AND AUSTRALIA POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS OF AN SBAS IN AUSTRALIA iii EPIRB Emergency Position Indicating Radio Beacons ERSAT EAV Satellite Enabling Application and Validation Project ERTMS European Rail Traffic Management System ETCS European Train Control System EU European Union FAA Federal Aviation Authority (USA) FCC Federal Communications Commission (USA) GAGAN India s GPS Aided GEO Augmented Navigation GBAS Ground Based Augmentation Systems GDP Gross Domestic Product GIS Geographic Information Systems GLONASS Russian global navigation satellite system GNSS Global Navigational Satellite Systems GPS Global Positioning System GSA Global Navigation Satellite Systems Agency GSM Global System for Mobile I2V Infrastructure to vehicle IALA International Association of Lighthouse Authorities ICAO International Civil Aviation Organisation ILS Instrument Landing System IMO International Maritime Organisation IRNSS Indian Regional Navigational Satellite System ISCM Intergovernmental Committee of Surveying and Mapping ITS Intelligent Transport Systems LEX L-band Experimental Signal LRIT Long Range Identification and Tracking MDGPS Maritime Differential Global Positioning System MOPS Minimum Operational Performance Standards MSAS Japanese MTSAT Satellite Based Augmentation System MSC Maritime Safety Committee NDGPS

3 Nationwide Differential Global Positioning System PBN Performance Based Navigation PLB Personal Location Beacons SBAS AND AUSTRALIA POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS OF AN SBAS IN AUSTRALIA iv PNT position, navigation and timing PPP Precise Point Positioning PTC Positive Train Control QZSS Japan s Quasi Zenith Satellite System RAIM Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring RNSS Regional Navigational Satellite Services RPT regional regular public transport RTCA Radio Technical Commission for Aeronautics RTK Real Time Kinematic SARPS Standards and Recommended Practices SBAS Satellite Based Augmentation System SOLAS International Convention for Safety of Life at Sea TTFF The Time To First Fix UAV Unmanned Aerial Vehicles USCG US Coast Guard V2I Vehicle to infrastructure V2V Vehicle to vehicle WAAS Wide Area Augmentation System (USA) CONTENTS GLOSSARY OF TERMS II EXECUTIVE SUMMARY I 1 Introduction 1 2 Global Navigational Satellite System (GNSS) 3 Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)

4 3 Augmented GNSS 4 Findings 8 3 Aviation 10 Introduction 10 International Experience 11 Implications for AUSTRALIA 12 Findings 12 4 Road Transport and Logistics 13 Road transport 13 Logistics 19 Findings 21 5 Maritime 22 Introduction 22 Policies and standards for positioning and navigation 23 Overseas experience 24 Implications for AUSTRALIA 25 Findings 25 6 Rail 26 Background 26 Recent developments overseas 27 Developments in AUSTRALIA - Automatic Train Management Systems 28 Findings 29 7 Agriculture 30 Background 30 Recent developments overseas 31 CONTENTS Applications for SBAS in Australian agriculture 32 Controlled traffic farming 32 Findings 35 8 Surveying and Mapping and Location Based Services 36 Introduction 36 International experience 36 Implications for applications in AUSTRALIA 38 Findings 38 9 Findings and Conclusions 39 Overview 39 Issues for a benefit cost analysis 40 Conclusion 42 BIBLIOGRAPHY 44 FIGURES FIGURE SBAS INFRASTRUCTURE 6 FIGURE CURRENT SBAS SYSTEMS 7 TABLES TABLE IALA VIEW OF FUTURE OF AUGMENTED GNSS 23 TABLE MATRIX OF APPLICATIONS 40 BOXES BOX KEY EU FINDINGS IN THE C-ITS AREA 14 BOX STRATEGIC THEMES OF ITS IN THE USA 16 BOX POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS OF SBAS IN TRANSPORT 18 BOX SBAS AND LIVESTOCK MANAGEMENT 35 BOX PUBLIC GOODS AND MARKET GOODS 42 SBAS AND AUSTRALIA POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS OF AN SBAS IN AUSTRALIA i E X E C U T I VE SU M M A R Y Introduction This report has been prepared for the Space Industry Association of AUSTRALIA .

5 It reviews the applications that utilise Satellite Based Augmentation Systems (SBAS) in the United States (US) and the European Union (EU) and considers the implications for applications that might arise in AUSTRALIA should an SBAS be established there. Global Navigational Satellite Positioning Systems (GNSS) have become widely adopted around the world as a key input into location based services for governments, industry and society in general. Basic GNSS is subject to a number of errors that degrade the accuracy and integrity of the signal owing to a range of factors including ionospheric transmission delays, clock synchronisation, satellite position error, tropospheric transmission delays, receiver error and other transmission delays. Position error can be around 5 to 10 metres for basic GNSS. GNSS can be augmented to higher levels of accuracy and integrity through a number of methods. The main ones are differential GNSS (DGNSS), real time kinematics (RTK), Continuously Operating Reference Stations (CORS) networks to provide network RTK correction data, precise point positioning (PPP) and SBAS.

6 Each service offers different properties in terms of accuracy, integrity1, availability, coverage, and time to first fix. SBAS is a ground based network of reference stations delivering GNSS corrections with integrity over a wide area by Space based payload. SBAS systems operate in the European Union, the United States, China, Japan and India. SBAS provides greater accuracy than basic GNSS, high levels of integrity, reliability and availability and nation-wide coverage in those countries where it operates. Integrity is an important criteria for many applications including safety. AUSTRALIA does not have an SBAS. A network of around 50 stations could, for example, provide consistent accuracy, availability and integrity over a footprint covering AUSTRALIA and New Zealand. A review of the case for an SBAS in AUSTRALIA was undertaken by The Department of Infrastructure, Tourism, Regional Development and Local Government in 2011. The review concluded that implementation of an SBAS for the aviation sector alone was not justified on economic grounds.

7 The report noted however that other sectors would benefit and that any future review would need to consider the potential benefits across other industry sectors in addition to aviation. A second study of the case for an SBAS also undertaken by the CRC for Spatial Information around that time. It drew similar conclusions to the Airservices study. 1 Integrity is a term that effectively means knowing that the GNSS satellites are working properly and includes concepts such as the time to alert when the GNSS satellites are not working properly. For an explanation of integrity see SBAS AND AUSTRALIA POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS OF AN SBAS IN AUSTRALIA ii The Civil Aviation Authority of New Zealand in conjunction with the Ministry of Transport and Land Information New Zealand undertook an economic examination of an SBAS in 2015. This study found that the benefit cost ratio for application in aviation in New Zealand was around The study came to a similar conclusion as the earlier Australian study.

8 That is a full evaluation would need to examine the economic impacts in other sectors as well as aviation. There has been no further published benefit cost analysis of an SBAS for AUSTRALIA and New Zealand. If such a study were to be undertaken it would be necessary to first establish the likely sectors that would use such a service. This report examines the applications that might be considered in any future economic evaluation of the wider use of an SBAS in AUSTRALIA drawing on evidence from the United States (US) and the European Union (EU) to assist in consideration of the case for an economic analysis of an SBAS for AUSTRALIA . Sector reviews Aviation An SBAS in AUSTRALIA (possibly linked with New Zealand) would create benefits for the aviation sector, principally for regional commercial civil airline operations and for emergency and search and rescue operations. It would be difficult to extrapolate the benefit cost ratio of calculated in New Zealand to AUSTRALIA . A similar study undertaken of the US WAAS undertaken in 2009 found a benefit cost ratio of in 2009.

9 The characteristics of the aviation sector in AUSTRALIA are quite different to New Zealand and the United States. The potential benefits to explore in AUSTRALIA would include reduced delays and cancellations, reduced accidents, improved search and rescue and emergency responses, fuel savings and emissions reductions and reduced future costs of terrestrial navigation aids. In addition important benefits to assess would be the safety of aviation across all of AUSTRALIA . Transport and logistics Augmented GNSS is expected to play an increasingly important role in the road transport and logistics sectors. Augmented GNSS has the potential to be an important enabling technology for Cooperative Intelligent Transport System (C-ITS) applications along with technologies such as vehicle sensors, vehicle to vehicle communication and vehicle to infrastructure communication. It would also be important for road safety, accident prevention and management, congestion management and congestion pricing.

10 SBAS would provide a positioning and navigation component to intelligent vehicles which would be beneficial in rural AUSTRALIA where other navigation aids are intermittent or otherwise unavailable. There are other augmented GNSS options that might meet the requirements of C-ITS. However SBAS is currently considered to be the option with the most economic potential. It meets the needs of accuracy, integrity, availability and continuity for a number of applications. In addition it is likely that future imported vehicles from Europe, the US and Asia will be SBAS enabled. This would facilitate the early adoption of SBAS enabled technologies for C-ITS applications. Development of automated handling of containers at ports and tracking of containers through the transport network already employ augmented GNSS in some parts of the supply chain. SBAS could similarly provide an augmentation that meets accuracy, integrity requirements as well as provide continuity and availability for transport routes and transport nodes.