Slaying the Dragon The History of Addiction Treatment and ...

1 Slaying the Dragon The History of Addiction Treatment and recovery in America William L. White table of Contents iii iii xiii Prologue: The Problem of xvii Section One The Rise of Addiction and Personal recovery Movements in the Nineteenth Century 1. The Seeds of Addiction Medicine and Personal recovery 1 Early American 1 Benjamin Rush and the Birth of the American Disease Concept of 2 A New Republic on a 5 The Rise and Evolution of the American Temperance Temperance 7 Early Involvement of Alcoholics in the Temperance 8 From Individual Struggle to Shared 8 The Tortured Saga of Luther 10 Frederick Douglass and the Early Roots of African American 11 2. The Washingtonian 13 Founding and Growth of the 13 The Washingtonian 16 John Hawkins and John The Washingtonian 19 The Washingtonian 20 3. Fraternal Temperance Societies and Reform 22 The Reform 24 Osgood s Reformed Drinkers 24 Reynolds Red Ribbon Reform 25 Francis Murphy s Blue Ribbon Reform 26 Reform Clubs Operation and 28 Early Moderation 28 Section Two The Birth of Addiction Treatment in America 4.

2 The Rise and Fall of Inebriate Homes and 31 Pre-Asylum Days: Knowledge of 31 Pre-Asylum Days: Care of the 32 The Earliest 33 Types of 33 Sponsorship and 35 Relationships with Other Community 36 Early Professionalization: The American Association for the Cure of 37 The Decline of the Inebriate 39 A Post-mortem of the Inebriate Asylum 40 43 44 5. Inebriate Homes and Asylums: Treatment Philosophies, Methods, and 45 The 45 The Patients: Demographic 47 The Patients: A Clinical 47 Treatment 48 Treatment 51 The Family and the Inebriate 55 56 Reported Treatment 56 The Treatment of Alcoholism and Other Addictions in 58 6. Four Institutional 62 The New York State Inebriate 62 The Boston Washingtonian 64 The Chicago Washingtonian 65 The San Francisco Home for the Care of the 67 7. Franchising Addiction Treatment : The Keeley 68 Humble Beginnings of a National 69 Keeley: On the Causes of 71 The Keeley 71 The Keeley 72 The Keeley 73 The Mail-Order 75 The Keeley 76 Reported Treatment 79 Keeley 79 Early Controversies and 80 Turn-of-the-Century 82 The Later Keeley Years: 83 The Keeley 85 8.

3 Miracle Cures for Alcoholism and Other 87 The 87 The 88 Promotional 90 Expos s and Legislative 92 Continued Presence of Fraudulent Cures .. 94 Fraud as a Theme in the Early History of 95 9. Religious Conversion as a Remedy for 96 Religion and recovery : Historical 97 Skid Row, the Bowery, and the Birth of the Rescue Jerry McAuley s Water Street 98 The Salvation 101 America s Keswick Colony of 103 The Drunkard s 104 Early Professional Views on Religion and 104 Conversion and recovery : The Ideas of William 105 Later Professional 106 Critics of Religious Approaches to Alcoholism 106 Section Three Evolving Approaches to Alcoholism Treatment : 1860-1940 10. Alcoholism Treatment Settings: 108 The Inebriate 108 Alcoholism and City 109 Alcoholics in Local Psychopathic Hospitals and State Psychiatric 110 Drying Out the Rich and Famous: A Continuing 112 Tales from a Jag House.

4 113 The Saga of Willie 113 The Charles B. Towns Hospital for the Treatment of Drug and Alcoholic 115 11. Physical Methods of Treatment and 119 Physical Treatments for Alcoholism Between 1840 and 1950: An 119 Eugenics: Sterilization and Benign 120 Natural 122 The Water 124 Drug Therapies: 126 Convulsive 127 Psychosurgery and Addiction : The Lobotomy 128 Miscellaneous 129 12. Psychological Approaches to Alcoholism and 129 The Psychoanalytic 130 The Emmanuel Clinic and the Lay Therapy 134 Aversion Therapy: Early 142 Section Four Treating Addictions to Narcotics and Other Drugs 13. The Treatment of Addiction to Narcotics and Other Drugs: 146 The Use of Cocaine as an Addiction Cure and Freud s 146 Cocaine, Morphine, and the Father of American 147 Opiate Addiction : A Hidden 148 Drug Treatments and Drug Cures Before the Harrison 148 Drug Treatment , The Harrison Act, Drug Enforcement, and The Supreme 150 The Morphine Maintenance 152 14.

5 The Treatment of Addiction to Narcotics and Other Drugs: 158 Voices of 158 1920-1950: Medical Detoxification and Hidden Drug 160 Dr. Thomas Ratigan, Jr.: Villain or Hero?.. 161 Phantastica and Narcotics 161 The Federal Narcotic 162 The Addiction Research 167 The World Outside Lexington and Ft. 168 Section Five and the Modern Alcoholism Movement 15. The Birth of Alcoholics Anonymous: A Brief 169 Carl Jung and Rowland Hazard s Failed 170 The Oxford 170 The Oxford Groups, Ebby T., and Bill Wilson s Hot Flash .. 170 Bill W. Meets Dr. 172 Identity and Early 173 Grandiose 174 A Rich Man s Caution about 175 The Big Book .. 175 Early The Period of Explosive 178 A Maturing 180 Those Who Shaped the 182 Bill 183 Dr. Bob 185 Dr. William D. 187 Sister 187 Dr. Harry M. 188 16. The Program of Alcoholics 190 Defining the 190 Steps and 192 Experience and 192 Identity Reconstruction Within 193 Reconstruction of Personal 194 Reconstruction of Daily Lifestyle Within 194 Reframing: The Curse that Became a 196 The recovery Program of and Its Predecessors: Shared 197 Innovations in s Program of 197 s Organizational Structure and 199 s 199 s Philosophy of 199 s Prescription for Short- and Long-term 200 Carrying the Message of 200 Internal 200 Defining 201 The Expected Duration of 201 Power and Decision-Making in 202 The Voice of 202 Relationships with Allied Fields and Related 202 Managing Member 203 Leadership 203 Managing the Issues of Money, Property, and Personal 203 Social Context and Organizational 203 Critics and 204 Stretching s Gateway of Entry.

6 Women and People of Color in 206 Were the experiences of women and people of color instrumental in shaping the Twelve Steps and Twelve Traditions of 206 Has adapted its program to address the special needs of women and people of color?.. 208 What is the degree of participation of women and people of color in 210 s Place in 211 17. and the Professional Care of Alcoholics: 214 Visions of 214 The Knickerbocker Paradox: Actions of Versus Actions of 216 St. Thomas: The Beginning of a 217 Model Evolution: Involvement with Public and Private 219 Model Extension: and Private Hospitals, Sanitaria, and Psychiatric 222 Members as Moral and Business 223 The Boundary Between Treatment and : The Story of High 225 The Distinction Between and and Alcoholism Treatment : A 231 18. The Modern Alcoholism Movement : The 232 The 233 The Alcohol and Alcoholism 234 The Volatility of the Post-Repeal 235 Research Council on Problems of 236 The Yale Center of Alcohol 238 The National Committee for Education on 242 19.

7 The Modern Alcoholism Movement : The 244 Changing Medical Opinion on Alcoholics and 245 The Alcoholism Movement in the 246 The Alcoholism Movement in the Municipal, State, and Federal Responses to 249 R. Brinkley Smithers: Private Philanthropy and the Alcoholism 251 The Role of and Recovered Alcoholics in the Alcoholism 254 The Role of the Alcohol Beverage Industry in the Alcoholism 255 The Legacies of the Alcoholism 257 Origin of the Modern Disease 258 Section Six Mid-Century Addiction Treatment 20. The Birth and Spread of the Minnesota Model .. 261 261 The Story of Pat 261 Pioneer 262 Hazelden: The Early 263 Willmar State 265 Hazelden: The Continuing 271 Further Minnesota 273 Defining the Minnesota 273 Why Minnesota?.. 275 The Spread of the Minnesota 275 Further Contributions of the Minnesota 277 21. Mid-Century Alcoholism 278 Organizational Activity in the Alcoholism Field: 278 Expanding Knowledge and Ideas About 279 Mid-Century Alcoholism Treatment : An 283 and Mutual Aid: 288 Other Mutual-Aid Societies: Alcoholics Victorious and the Calix 290 22.

8 Mid-Century Alcoholism Treatment : Treatment 292 Hypnosis 292 Physical Methods of Alcoholism Treatment : An 292 Nutrition, Alcoholism, and Vitamin 293 ACTH: Alcoholism and Endocrine 293 The Use of Tranquilizers, Anti-depressants, Mood Stabilizers, and 293 Benzedrine in the Treatment of 295 Antabuse and Other Antidipsotropics in the Treatment of 296 LSD and the Treatment of 298 Miscellaneous and Multiple Drug 300 The Carbon Dioxide Treatment for 300 Advances in Psychosocial Rehabilitation 301 The Halfway House 301 Social Model 304 23. Mid-Century Addiction Treatment : The Rise of New 305 The Legal 305 Medical and Psychiatric 305 Juvenile Addiction : The Story of Riverside 307 Community-based Support of Institutionalized 308 Religious Approaches to Addiction 309 Synanon: The Birth of Ex-Addict-Directed Therapeutic 313 The Therapeutic Community 318 The Therapeutic Community: Treatment 320 24.

9 The Birth, Rebirth, and Evolution of Narcotics 326 Addiction recovery in : Dr. Tom 326 Houston S. and Addicts 327 Danny C.: The Rise and Fall of the First 330 Betty T., Jack P., and the West Coast 333 Jimmy K. and the Birth of Today s 335 The 337 s Near-Death 340 Literature and s Basic 341 Explosive 343 The Tree and 344 Comes of 347 25. Mid-Century Addiction Treatment : Part 349 Civil 349 The Evolution of 351 Narcotics 366 Multimodality Treatment Systems: The Story of the Illinois Drug Abuse 367 Lexington and Forth Worth: The Twilight 371 Section Seven The Evolution of Modern Addiction Treatment 26. The Rise of Modern Addiction Treatment (1960-1994).. 374 Reaching Critical 374 The Cooperative Commission on the Study of 375 A Deluge of Addiction Treatment 376 Local Sponsorship and 380 Two Worlds: Alcoholism and Drug 381 Early 382 Alcoholism: An Insurable 383 Program Accreditation and 385 Three Worlds: Public, Private, and 386 Early Treatment in the 387 An Evolving 388 A Hidden Story: The Exploitation and Relapse of Recovering Alcoholics and 389 Professionalization: Training, Credentialing, and Worker 390 The Rebirth of Addiction 392 Explosive 392 Early Intervention 393 recovery as a Cultural 394 The Betty Ford 396 Competition, Profit, and Ethical Context and Breaches of Ethical 398 The Financial 399 The Ideological and Cultural 400 The 401 A Panicked Field In Search of Its Soul and Its 403 27.

10 Parkside: A Rich Legacy and a Cautionary 405 The 405 Early 406 The Early 407 Contrasts Between Lutheran General and 408 The Treatment 409 The Role of the Alcoholism 410 The Center 411 Al-Anon and Family 411 Early 412 Evaluation 412 Model 412 Explosive 413 Later 415 The 416 Lessons and 418 A Lasting 422 28. Twenty-first Century Addiction Treatment (1995-2014).. 422 Federal and State 423 Total Funding & Personal Costs of Addiction 424 A National Profile of Addiction Treatment 425 The Addiction Treatment National Profile of People Entering Addiction 431 Treatment Levels of Care and 432 Philosophical Orientation and Service 432 Principles of Effective Addiction 432 Key Treatment Performance 433 29. Modern Addiction Treatment : Seminal Ideas and Evolving Treatment 437 Seminal/Controversial 437 The Concept of Inebriety 437 Multiple Pathways of 438 The Neurobiology of 439 Developmental Models of 440 Rethinking the Question of Motivation: Pain versus 441 Addiction as a Chronic 442 Toward a 443 Natural recovery , Spontaneous Remission, and Maturing 443 The Question of Controlled Drinking and Drug 445 Addiction Treatment and Public 447 Family recovery .