Sociological Theory - Chaudhary Charan Singh University

1 Sociological i4/14/10 3:12:51 PM4/14/10 3:12:51 PMThis page intentionally left blank Eighth Edition Sociological Theory George Ritzer University of Maryland iii4/14/10 3:12:51 PM4/14/10 3:12:51 PM Sociological Theory , EIGHTH EDITION Published by McGraw-Hill, a business unit of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1221 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10020. Copyright 2011 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Previous editions 2008, 2004, and 2000. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written consent of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., including, but not limited to, in any network or other electronic storage or transmission, or broadcast for distance learning.

2 Some ancillaries, including electronic and print components, may not be available to customers outside the United States. This book is printed on acid-free paper. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 DOC/DOC 1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 ISBN: 978-0-07-811167-9 MHID: 0-07-811167-6 Vice President & Editor-in-Chief: Michael Ryan Vice President EDP/Central Publishing Services: Kimberly Meriwether David Senior Sponsoring Editor: Gina Boedeker Executive Marketing Manager: Pamela S. Cooper Managing Editor: Nicole Bridge Project Manager: Erin Melloy Design Coordinator: Brenda A. Rolwes Cover Designer: Studio Montage, St. Louis, Missouri Lead Photo Editor: Alexandra Ambrose Cover Credit: Farinaz Taghavi/Getty Images Buyer: Nicole Baumgartner Compositor: Glyph International Typeface: 10/12 Times Roman Printer: R.

3 R. Donnelley All credits appearing on page or at the end of the book are considered to be an extension of the copyright page. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Ritzer, George. Sociological Theory / George Ritzer. 8th ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-07-811167-9 (alk. paper) 1. Sociology. 2. Sociologists Biography I. Title. 2010 dc22 2010006523 iv4/14/10 3:12:58 PM4/14/10 3:12:58 PM George Ritzer is Distinguished University Professor at the University of Maryland, where he has also been a Distinguished Scholar-Teacher and received a Teaching Excellence Award. In 2000, he received the Distinguished Contributions to Teaching Award of the American Sociological Association, and in 2004, he received an honor-ary doctorate from LaTrobe University in Melbourne, Australia.

4 Dr. Ritzer has served as Chair of the American Sociological Association s Sec-tions on Theoretical Sociology and Organizations and Occupations. He held the UNESCO Chair in Social Theory at the Russian Academy of Sciences and a Fulbright-Hays Chair at York University in Canada, and he received a Fulbright-Hays award to the Netherlands. He was Scholar-in-Residence at the Netherlands Institute for Advanced Study and at the Swedish Collegium for Advanced Study in the Social Sciences. Professor Ritzer s main theoretical interests lie in metatheory and in applied social Theory . In metatheory, his contributions include Sociology: A Multiple Paradigm Science (1975, 1980), Toward an Integrated Sociological Paradigm (1981), and Metatheorizing in Sociology (1991). George Ritzer is perhaps best known, however, for The McDonaldization of Society (5th ed.)

5 , 2008), translated into more than a dozen languages, and for several related books (also with a number of translations), includ-ing Expressing America: A Critique of the Global Credit Card Society (1995), Enchant-ing a Disenchanted World: Revolutionizing the Means of Consumption (2nd ed., 2005), The Globalization of Nothing 2 (2007), and the forthcoming (with Craig Lair) Outsourcing: Globalization and Beyond. He edited the two-volume Encyclopedia of Social Theory (2005), the eleven-volume Blackwell Encyclopedia of Sociology (2007), and The Blackwell Companion to Globalization (2007), and he is the founding editor of the Journal of Consumer Culture. In 2010, McGraw-Hill published the third edition of Professor Ritzer s Contemporary Sociological Theory and Its Classic Roots: The Basics. Also in 2010, McGraw-Hill published the sixth edition of Classical Sociological Theory .

6 The latter text, as well as this one, have been translated into a number of languages. About the Author v v4/14/10 3:13:05 PM4/14/10 3:13:05 PMSociological i4/14/10 3:12:51 PM4/14/10 3:12:51 PMTo David,With vi4/14/10 3:13:06 PM4/14/10 3:13:06 PM Biographical and Autobiographical Sketches xvi Preface xviii PART I Classical Sociological Theory 1 CHAPTER 1 A Historical Sketch of Sociological Theory : The Early Years 1 CHAPTER 2 Karl Marx 43 CHAPTER 3 Emile Durkheim 76 CHAPTER 4 Max Weber 112 CHAPTER 5 Georg Simmel 158 PART II Modern Sociological Theory : The Major Schools 189 CHAPTER 6 A Historical Sketch of Sociological Theory : The Later Years 189 CHAPTER 7 Structural Functionalism, Neofunctionalism, and Conflict Theory 236 CHAPTER 8 Varieties of Neo-Marxian Theory 277 CHAPTER 9 Systems Theory 331 CHAPTER 10 Symbolic Interactionism 351 CHAPTER 11 Ethnomethodology 391 CHAPTER 12 Exchange, network , and Rational Choice Theories 416 CHAPTER 13 Contemporary Feminist Theory 454 Brief Contents vii4/14/10 3:13:06 PM4/14/10 3:13.

7 06 PM PART III Recent Integrative Developments in Sociological Theory 499 CHAPTER 14 Micro-Macro and Agency-Structure Integration 499 PART IV From Modern to Postmodern Social Theory (and Beyond) 547 CHAPTER 15 Contemporary Theories of Modernity 547 CHAPTER 16 Globalization Theory 574 CHAPTER 17 Structuralism, Poststructuralism, and Postmodern Social Theory 605 CHAPTER 18 Cutting-Edge Developments in Contemporary Theory 645 Appendix A-1 References R-1 Credits C-1 Name Index I-1 Subject Index I-13 viii Brief viii4/14/10 3:13:06 PM4/14/10 3:13:06 PM Biographical and Autobiographical Sketches xviPreface xviii PART I Classical Sociological Theory 1 CHAPTER 1 A Historical Sketch of Sociological Theory : The Early Years 1 Introduction 2 Social Forces in the Development of Sociological Theory 5 Political Revolutions 5 The Industrial Revolution and the Rise of Capitalism 5 The Rise of Socialism 6 Feminism 6 Urbanization 7 Religious Change 7 The Growth of Science 8 Intellectual Forces and the Rise of Sociological Theory 8 The Enlightenment 8 The Conservative Reaction to the Enlightenment 9 The Development of French Sociology 11 Alexis de Tocqueville (1805 1859) 11 Claude Henri Saint-Simon (1760 1825) 14 Auguste Comte (1798 1857) 15 Emile Durkheim (1858 1917) 19 The Development of German Sociology 21 The Roots and Nature of the Theories of Karl Marx (1818 1883)

8 21 The Roots and Nature of the Theories of Max Weber (1864 1920) and Georg Simmel (1858 1918) 26 The Origins of British Sociology 32 Political Economy, Ameliorism, and Social Evolution 34 Herbert Spencer (1820 1903) 36 The Key Figure in Early Italian Sociology 39 Turn-of-the-Century Developments in European Marxism 40 CHAPTER 2 Karl Marx 43 Introduction 43 The Dialectic 45 Dialectical Method 46 Fact and Value 46 Reciprocal Relations 46 Past, Present, Future 47 No Inevitabilities 47 actors and Structures 48 Contents ix4/14/10 3:13:06 PM4/14/10 3:13:06 PM Human Potential 48 Labor 52 Alienation 53 The Structures of Capitalist Society 56 Commodities 57 Fetishism of Commodities 58 Capital, Capitalists, and the Proletariat 59 Exploitation 60 Class Conflict 62 Capitalism as a Good Thing 64 Materialist Conception of History 65 Cultural Aspects of Capitalist Society 67 Ideology 67 Religion 70 Marx s Economics.

9 A Case Study 70 Communism 73 Criticisms 73 CHAPTER 3 Emile Durkheim 76 Introduction 76 Social Facts 77 Material and Nonmaterial Social Facts 79 Types of Nonmaterial Social Facts 80 The Division of Labor in Society 84 Mechanical and Organic Solidarity 85 Dynamic Density 88 Repressive and Restitutive Law 89 Normal and Pathological 90 Justice 91 Suicide 92 The Four Types of Suicide 93 Suicide Rates and Social Reform 96 The Elementary Forms of Religious Life 97 Early and Late Durkheimian Theory 97 Theory of Religion The Sacred and the Profane 98 Why Primitive? 100 Totemism 100 Sociology of Knowledge 101 Collective Effervescence 102 Moral Education and Social Reform 103 Morality 104 Moral Education 105 Occupational Associations 106 Criticisms 107 Functionalism and Positivism 107 Other Criticisms 108 CHAPTER 4 Max Weber 112 Methodology 113 History and Sociology 113 Verstehen 116 Causality 118 Ideal Types 119 Values 121 Substantive Sociology 124 What Is Sociology?

10 124 Social Action 125 Class, Status, and Party 127 Structures of Authority 128 Rationalization 136 Religion and the Rise of Capitalism 146 Criticisms 154 CHAPTER 5 Georg Simmel 158 Primary Concerns 158 Levels and Areas of Concern 159 Dialectical Thinking 162 Individual Consciousness 164 x x4/14/10 3:13:06 PM4/14/10 3:13:06 PM Social Interaction ( Association ) 165 Interaction: Forms and Types 166 Social Structures 171 Objective Culture 172 The Philosophy of Money 174 Money and Value 175 Money, Reification, and Rationalization 176 Negative Effects 178 The Tragedy of Culture 179 Secrecy: A Case Study in Simmel s Sociology 181 Secrecy and Social Relationships 182 Other Thoughts on Secrecy 184 Criticisms 185 PART II Modern Sociological Theory : The Major Schools 189 CHAPTER 6 A Historical Sketch of Sociological Theory : The Later Years 189 Early American Sociological Theory 190 Politics 190 Social Change and Intellectual Currents 192 The Chicago School 199 Women in Early Sociology 205 Du Bois and Race Theory 206 Sociological Theory to Midcentury 207 The Rise of Harvard, the Ivy League, and Structural Functionalism 207 The Chicago School in Decline 211 Developments in Marxian Theory 212 Karl Mannheim and the Sociology of Knowledge 213 Sociological Theory from Midcentury 214 Structural Functionalism.