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1 SOFT bank E-Book Center Tehran, phone : 66403879 , 66493070 For educational Use. Fire from First Principles SOFT bank E-Book Center Tehran, phone : 66403879 , 66493070 For educational Use. SOFT bank E-Book Center Tehran, phone : 66403879 , 66493070 For educational Use. Fire from First PrinciplesA design guide to building fire safetyThird editionPaul Stollard and John Abrahams E & FN SPONAn imprint of RoutledgeLondon and New York SOFT bank E-Book Center Tehran, phone : 66403879 , 66493070 For educational Use. First edition published 1991 by E & FN Spon, an imprint of Chapman & HallThis edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, edition published 1995 by E & FN Spon, an imprint of Chapman & HallThird edition published 1999 by E & FN Spon, an imprint of Routledge11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4 EESimultaneously published in the USA and Canadaby Routledge29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001 1991, 1995, 1999 Paul Stollard and John AbrahamsAll rights reserved.

2 No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in anyform or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented,including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system,without permission in writing from the publisher makes no representation, express or implied, with regard to the accuracy ofthe information contained in this book and cannot accept any legal responsibility or liabilityfor any errors or omissions that may be Library Cataloguing in Publication DataA catalogue record for this book is available from the British LibraryLibrary of Congress Cataloging in Publication DataStollard, P.

3 (Paul), 1956 Fire from first principles: a design guide to building fire safety/Paul Stollard and John Abrahams. 3rd bibliographical references and Building, Fireproof. 2. Safety factor in Abrahams, John. II. 2 dc21 98 37215 CIPISBN 0-419-24270-8 (pbk)ISBN 0-419-24260-0 (hbk)ISBN 0-203-47820-7 Master E-Book ISBNISBN 0-203-78644-0 (Glassbook Format) SOFT bank E-Book Center Tehran, phone : 66403879 , 66493070 For educational Use. ContentsAuthorsviiIntroduction11 Fire science Fire safety design122 Ignition prevention Fuel Fire safety management333 Detection Comprehension/analysis Signs and fire notices 454 Occupancy Travel Escape lighting 665 Passive measures: structural protection Passive measures: compartmentation Passive measures: envelope protection Active measures 86 SOFT bank E-Book Center Tehran, phone : 66403879 , 66493070 For educational Use.

4 6 Manual firefighting Auto-suppression Fire service facilities and access 1007 Methodology Hospitals Public sector dwellings Workplaces Canals Audits Assessors 1258 Introduction Legislation in Great Britain Northern Ireland legislation British Standards and International Consultancy and advisory Glossary of fire terms159 Index165vi Contents SOFT bank E-Book Center Tehran, phone : 66403879 , 66493070 For educational Use. AuthorsPaul Stollard , MIFS, ARIAS, MIFireE, MIBC, BArch, BA. A PrincipalArchitect with the Scottish Office responsible for the content of the TechnicalStandards.

5 A former director of Abrahams Stollard Ltd and Visiting Professorof Architecture at the Queen s University of Abrahams MIFS, ARICS, MIBC, AIFireE. A director of Abrahams StollardLtd, fire safety engineers and construction safety illustrations were prepared by Derrick authors would like to thank The Interbuild Fund for their financial support inthe preparation of the first edition of this book . SOFT bank E-Book Center Tehran, phone : 66403879 , 66493070 For educational Use. SOFT bank E-Book Center Tehran, phone : 66403879 , 66493070 For educational Use. IntroductionFire can be useful, but it can also be deadly.

6 It has always fascinated and frightened;and as the proverb states, it is a good servant and a bad master. Without fire,civilization would be radically different it might not even exist. However, thecost of fires which get out of control is high, and an average of two to three peopledie in fires each day in the is a risk of fire in every building that is designed, and it is accepted thatcomplete safety from fire is an impossible goal. The fire risks inherent in differentbuilding types are normally highlighted only when a particularly serious and fatalfire attracts public attention such as the fires in recent times at Bradford footballground and King s Cross underground station.

7 Such major fires underline theimportance of building design and remind architects of their responsibility tominimize the risks of fires in , fire safety is not the only objective which the architect designing anew building has to fulfil. There are a whole series of other objectives (aesthetic,functional, technological and economic) which must also be satisfied, and if thedesign is to be successful, these must be integrated into a coherent whole duringthe design process. It is the architect s responsibility to ensure that the objectivesof fire safety are integrated with the more general objectives of architectural book seeks to outline the fundamental principles of fire safety, so that thearchitects, building surveyors and others in the design team can work from firstprinciples to ensure a safe and successful attempts to set minimum standards of safety with which architectsmust comply.

8 However, attempts to comply without understanding the logic behindthe law will lead to either inadequate levels of safety or cumbersome design team should not view legislation as design guidance. Legislation iswritten for the enforcement authorities to check that the designs being producedare intrinsically and fundamentally safe, not for the architects to use as the basis oftheir fire safety this book does not start by describing the legislation, but begins withthe first principles of fire safety. The various tactics that the architect can use toensure the safety of the occupants and the protection of the building are outlined asthe basis for design.

9 Working from first principles and considering fire safety SOFT bank E-Book Center Tehran, phone : 66403879 , 66493070 For educational Use. 2 Introductionthroughout the design process, the architect will be able to achieve both saferbuildings and ones where the fire precautions are less intrusive. Fire safety measureswill be far less obvious and more effective if designed in, rather than bolted it is essential for architects to work from first principles, it is notnecessary for them to become fire scientists. Therefore principles are laid out assimply and clearly as possible; and to supplement these a series of tables areincluded to offer approximate guidance on matters of fire escape and firecontainment.

10 These tables are intended particularly for student architects workingat the sketch design stage, for whom it is more important to gain a general ideaof what is required, and why, than to understand the minutiae of codes andstandards. The inclusion of these rough tables does not contradict the firstprinciples approach of the book , rather they seek to provide rules-of-thumb whichdesigners can use to check that they are heading in at least the right is little value in confusing with unnecessary information, even less inpresenting a spurious accuracy through complex calculations.