Software Engineering - DINUS

1 Software EngineeringA PRACTITIONER S APPROACHMcGraw-Hill Series in Computer ScienceSenior Consulting EditorC. L. Liu, National Tsing HuaUniversityConsulting EditorAllen B. Tucker, BowdoinCollegeFundamentals of Computingand ProgrammingComputer Organization andArchitectureSystems and LanguagesTheoretical FoundationsSoftware Engineering andDatabasesArtificial IntelligenceNetworks, Parallel andDistributed ComputingGraphics and VisualizationThe MIT Electrical andComputer Science SeriesSoftware Engineering andDatabasesAtzeni, Ceri, Paraborschi, and Torlone, Database Systems, 1/eMitchell, Machine Learning, 1/eMusa, Iannino, and Okumoto, Software Reliability, 1/ePressman, SoftwareEngineering: A Beginner sGuide, 1/ePressman, SoftwareEngineering.

2 A Practioner sGuide, 5/eRamakrishnan/Gehrke,Database ManagementSystems, 2/eSchach, Classical and Object-Oriented SoftwareEngineering with UML and C++, 4/eSchach, Classical and Object-Oriented SoftwareEngineering with UML andJava, 1/eSoftware EngineeringA PRACTITIONER S APPROACHFIFTH EDITIONR oger S. Pressman, Burr Ridge, IL Dubuque, IA Madison, WINew York San Francisco St. LouisBangkok Bogot Caracas Lisbon London Madrid Mexico CityMilan New Delhi Seoul Singapore Sydney Taipei TorontoSOFTWARE ENGINEERINGP ublished by McGraw-Hill, an imprint of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 1221 Avenue of theAmericas, New York, NY, 10020.

3 Copyright/2001, 1997, 1992, 1987, 1982, by The McGraw-Hill Com-panies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in anyform or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written consentof The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., including, but not limited to, in any network or other electronicstorage or transmission, or broadcast for distance book is printed on acid-free 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 DOC/DOC 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 ISBN 0073655783 Publisher: Thomas CassonExecutive editor: Betsy JonesDevelopmental editor: Emily GrayMarketing manager: John WannemacherProject manager: Karen J.

4 NelsonProduction supervisor: Heather BurbridgeCoordinator freelance design: Keith McPhersonSupplement coordinator: Rose RangeNew media: Christopher StylesCover design: Rhiannon ErwinCover illustrator: Joseph GiliansCompositor: Carlisle Communications, : LeawoodPrinter: R. R. Donnelley & Sons CompanyLibrary of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataPressman, Roger Engineering : a practitioner s approach / Roger S. Pressman. 5th cm. (McGraw-Hill series in computer science)Includes 0-07-365578-31. Software Engineering . I. Title. II. dc2100-036133 Higher EducationA Division of The McGraw-Hill CompaniesTo my parentsviRoger S.

5 Pressman is an internationally recognized authority in Software processimprovement and Software Engineering technologies. For over three decades, he hasworked as a Software engineer, a manager, a professor, an author, and a consultant, focus-ing on Software Engineering an industry practitioner and manager, Dr. Pressman worked on the development ofCAD/CAM systems for advanced Engineering and manufacturing applications. He has alsoheld positions with responsibility for scientific and systems receiving a in Engineering from the University of Connecticut, Dr. Pressmanmoved to academia where he became Bullard Associate Professor of Computer Engineeringat the University of Bridgeport and director of the university's Computer-Aided Design andManufacturing Center.

6 Dr. Pressman is currently president of Pressman & Associates, Inc., a consultingfirm specializing in Software Engineering methods and training. He serves as principle con-sultant, helping companies establish effective Software Engineering practices. He alsodesigned and developed the company s Software Engineering training and process improve-ment products Essential Software Engineering ,a complete video curriculum that is amongthe industry's most comprehensive treatments of the subject, and Process Advisor,a self-directed system for Software Engineering process improvement. Both products are usedby hundreds of companies Pressman has written many technical papers, is a regular contributor to industryperiodicals, and is author of six books.

7 In addition to Software Engineering : A Practitioner'sApproach, he has written A Manager's Guide to Software Engineering (McGraw-Hill), anaward-winning book that uses a unique Q&A format to present management guidelinesfor instituting and understanding Software Engineering technology; Making Software Engi-neering Happen(Prentice-Hall), the first book to address the critical management problemsassociated with Software process improvement; and Software Shock(Dorset House), a treat-ment that focuses on Software and its impact on business and society. Dr. Pressman is onthe Editorial Boards of IEEE Software and the Cutter IT Journal,and for many years, waseditor of the Manager column in IEEE Pressman is a well-known speaker, keynoting a number of major industry confer-ences.

8 He has presented tutorials at the International Conference on Software Engineer-ing and at many other industry meetings. He is a member of the ACM, IEEE, and Tau BetaPi, Phi Kappa Phi, Eta Kappa Nu, and Pi Tau THE AUTHORviiPreface xxvPART ONEThe Product and the Process1 CHAPTER 1 The Product3 CHAPTER 2 The Process19 PART TWOM anaging Software Projects53 CHAPTER 3 Project Management Concepts55 CHAPTER 4 Software Process and Project Metrics79 CHAPTER 5 Software Project Planning113 CHAPTER 6 Risk Analysis and Management145 CHAPTER 7 Project Scheduling and Tracking165 CHAPTER 8 Software Quality Assurance193 CHAPTER 9 Software Configuration Management225 PART THREEC onventional Methods for Software Engineering243 CHAPTER 10 System Engineering245 CHAPTER 11 Analysis Concepts and Principles271 CHAPTER 12 Analysis Modeling299 CHAPTER

9 13 Design Concepts and Principles335 CHAPTER 14 Architectural Design365 CHAPTER 15 User Interface Design401 CHAPTER 16 Component-Level Design423 CHAPTER 17 Software Testing Techniques437 CHAPTER 18 Software Testing Strategies477 CHAPTER 19 Technical Metrics for Software507 PART FOURO bject-Oriented Software Engineering539 CHAPTER 20 Object-Oriented Concepts and Principles541 CHAPTER 21 Object-Oriented Analysis571 CHAPTER 22 Object-Oriented Design603 CONTENTS AT A GLANCECONTENTS AT A GLANCE viiiCHAPTER 23 Object-Oriented Testing631 CHAPTER 24 Technical Metrics for Object-Oriented Systems653 PART FIVEA dvanced Topics in Software Engineering671 CHAPTER 25 Formal Methods673 CHAPTER 26 Cleanroom Software Engineering699 CHAPTER 27 Component-Based Software Engineering721 CHAPTER 28 Client/Server Software Engineering747 CHAPTER 29 Web Engineering769 CHAPTER 30 Reengineering799 CHAPTER 31 Computer-Aided Software Engineering825 CHAPTER 32 The Road Ahead845ixPART ONE THE PRODUCT AND THE PROCESS1 CHAPTER 1 THE Evolving Role of Software Characteristics Applications : A Crisis on the Horizon?

10 Myths 15 REFERENCES 15 PROBLEMS AND POINTS TO PONDER 16 FURTHER READINGS AND INFORMATION SOURCES 17 CHAPTER 2 THE Engineering : A Layered Technology , Methods, and Tools A Generic View of Software Engineering Software Process Process Models Linear Sequential Model Prototyping Model RAD Model Software Process Models Incremental Model Spiral Model WINWIN Spiral Model Concurrent Development Model Development Formal Methods Model Generation Techniques Technology and Process Summary 47 REFERENCES 47 PROBLEMS AND POINTS TO PONDER 49 FURTHER READINGS AND INFORMATION SOURCES 50 TABLE OF CONTENTSCONTENTSxPART TWO MANAGING Software PROJECTS53 CHAPTER 3 PROJECT MANAGEMENT Management Spectrum