Solar Engineering of Thermal Processes

1 Solar Engineeringof Thermal ProcessesSolar Engineeringof Thermal ProcessesFourth EditionJohn A. Duffie (Deceased)Emeritus Professor of Chemical EngineeringWilliam A. BeckmanEmeritus Professor of Mechanical EngineeringSolar Energy LaboratoryUniversity of Wisconsin-MadisonCover image: (top) Kyu Oh/iStockphoto; (bottom) Gyula Gyukli/iStockphotoCover design: Anne-Michele AbbottThis book is printed on acid-free by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reservedPublished by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New JerseyPublished simultaneously in CanadaNo part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system , or transmitted in any form or byany means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permittedunder Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permissionof the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright ClearanceCenter, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 646-8600, or on the web Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the PermissionsDepartment, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

2 , 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, (201) 748-6011, fax (201)748-6008, or online at of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best efforts inpreparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with the respect to the accuracy or completenessof the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for aparticular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives or written sales advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with aprofessional where appropriate. Neither the publisher nor the author shall be liable for damages arising general information about our other products and services, please contact our Customer Care Departmentwithin the United States at (800) 762-2974, outside the United States at (317) 572-3993 or fax (317) publishes in a variety of print and electronic formats and by print-on-demand.

3 Some material includedwith standard print versions of this book may not be included in e-books or in print-on-demand. If this bookrefers to media such as a CD or DVD that is not included in the version you purchased, you may download thismaterial at For more information about Wiley products, visit 978-0-470-87366-3 (cloth); ISBN 978-1-118-41541-2 (ebk); ISBN 978-1-118-41812-3 (ebk);ISBN 978-1-118-43348-5 (ebk); ISBN 978-1-118-67160-3 (ebk)Printed in the United States of America10987654321 ContentsPrefacexiPreface to the Third Edition xiiiPreface to the Second EditionxvPreface to the First EditionxviiIntroductionxxiPART I FUNDAMENTALS 11 Solar Solar Constant Distribution of of Extraterrestrial of Beam for Tracking of Beam Radiation on Tilted Surfaceto That on Horizontal Extraterrestrial Radiation on a Summary41 References412 Available Solar and Pyrheliometric of Duration of Sunshine Radiation Attenuation of of Average Solar of Clear-Sky of Clear and Cloudy Daysand Hours Beam and Diffuse Components of Beam and Diffuse Components of Beam and Diffuse Components of Estimation of Hourly Radiation from Radiation on Sloped Radiation on Sloped Surfaces.

4 IsotropicSky Radiation on Sloped Surfaces: AnisotropicSky Radiation Beam Radiation on Moving Average Radiation on Sloped Surfaces: IsotropicSky Average Radiation on Sloped Surfaces:KT Effects of Receiving Surface Generalized Daily Summary132 References1333 Selected Heat Transfer Electromagnetic Blackbody: Perfect Absorber andEmitter s Law and Wien s Intensity and Radiation Exchange between GraySurfaces Radiation Heat Transfer Natural Convection between Flat Parallel Platesand between Concentric Cylinders Convection Suppression Vee-Corrugated Enclosures Heat Transfer Relations for Wind Convection Coefficients Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop in PackedBeds and Perforated Effectiveness-NTU Calculations for HeatExchangers168 References1704 Radiation Characteristics of and s of Surfaces among Absorptance, Emittance,and Emittance and of Emittance of Surface Surfaces of Optimum Properties Angular Dependence of Absorptance of Cavity Specularly Reflecting Surfaces198 References1995 Radiation Transmission through Glazing.

5 Absorbed of by Properties of CoverSystems for Dependence of( ) Dependence of of Surface Layers Solar Monthly Average Absorbed Absorptance of Rooms Absorptance of Photovoltaic Cells Summary234 References2346 Flat-Plate of Flat-Plate Collectors Flat-Plate Energy Distributions in Flat-PlateCollectors Overall Heat Loss Distribution between Tubes and theCollector Efficiency Distribution in Heat Removal Factor and Radiation Fluid and Plate Effective Effects of Dust and Heat Capacity Effects in Flat-PlateCollectors Liquid Heater Plate Air Measurements of Collector Collector Collector Tests: Efficiency, Incidence AngleModifier, and Time Constant Test Thermal Test Data Conversion Flow Rate Corrections toFR( ) Flow Distribution in Collectors In Situ Collector Practical Considerations for Flat-PlateCollectors Putting it all Summary318 References3197 Concentrating Configurations Ratio Performance of ConcentratingCollectors Performance of ConcentratingCollectors Absorber Arrays Characteristics of NonimagingConcentrators and Absorbed Energy for CPCC ollectors of CPC Collectors Imaging Concentrators.

6 Images Formed by Perfect Images from Imperfect Ray-Trace Methods for Incidence Angle Modifiers and Paraboloidal Central-Receiver Collectors Practical Considerations 369 References3708 Energy Loads and Solar Storage in Solar Process Systems in Storage Tanks Change Energy Energy Battery Storage402 References4069 Solar Process of Time-Dependent Heating Loads, Degree-Days,and Balance Loss Energy Storage Pool Heating Loads418 References42010 system Thermal Component Models Collector Heat Exchanger Duct and Pipe Loss Controls Collector Arrays: Series Performance of Partially ShadedCollectors Series Arrays with Sections Having Use of Modified Collector system Models Solar Fraction and Solar Summary445 References44611 Solar Process Costs of Solar Process Systems Design Economic Figures of Discounting and Present-Worth Life-Cycle Savings Evaluation of Other EconomicIndicators TheP1, Uncertainties in Economic Economic Analysis Using Solar Summary476 References476 PART II APPLICATIONS 47712 Solar Water Heating.

7 Active Water Heating Systems Freezing, Boiling, and Auxiliary Forced-Circulation Systems Low-Flow Pumped Systems Natural-Circulation Systems Integral Collector Storage Systems Retrofit Water Water Heating in Space Heating and CoolingSystems Testing and Rating of Solar Economics of Solar Water Swimming Pool Summary503 References50313 Building Heating: Historical Notes Solar Heating Systems CSU House III Flat-Plate Liquid CSU House II Air Heating system Parametric Solar Energy Heat Pump Systems Phase Change Storage Systems Seasonal Energy Storage Systems Solar and Off-Peak Electric Systems Solar system Solar Heating Architectural Considerations 539 References54114 Building Heating: Passive and Concepts of Passive Comfort Criteria and Heating Movable Insulation and Controls Shading.

8 Overhangs and Direct-Gain Systems Collector-Storage Walls and Roofs Active Collection Passive Storage HybridSystems Other Hybrid Systems Passive Heat Distribution in Passive Buildings Costs and Economics of PassiveHeating571 References57315 Solar Solar Absorption Cooling Theory of Absorption Cooling Combined Solar Heating and Cooling Simulation Study of Solar Operating Experience with Solar Cooling Applications of Solar Absorption Solar Desiccant Ventilation and Recirculation DesiccantCycles Solar -Mechanical Solar -Related Air Passive Cooling 601 References60116 Solar Industrial Process Integration with Industrial Processes Mechanical Design Considerations Economics of Industrial Process Open-Circuit Air Heating Recirculating Air system Once-Through Industrial Water Recirculating Industrial Water Shallow-Pond Water Summary619 References61917 Solar Thermal Power Thermal Conversion Systems Gila Bend Pumping Luz Systems Central-Receiver Systems Solar One and Solar Two Power Plants630 References63318 Solar Ponds: Evaporative Salt-Gradient Solar Ponds Pond Applications of Ponds Solar Direct Solar Summary647 References648 PART III DESIGNMETHODS65119 Simulations in Solar Process Simulation Utility of Information from TRNSYS.

9 Thermal Process Simulations and Meteorological Limitations of Simulations666 References66720 Design of Active Review of Design Thef-Chart Thef-Chart for Liquid Systems Thef-Chart for Air Systems Service Water Heating Systems Thef-Chart Results Parallel Solar Energy-Heat PumpSystems Summary690 References69021 Design of Active Systems by Hourly Daily The ,f-Chart Summary709 References71022 Design of Passive and Hybrid Approaches to Passive Solar -Load Ratio Unutilizability Design Method: Unutilizability Design Method: Hybrid Systems: Active Collection with Other Hybrid Systems 742 References74323 Design of Photovoltaic Photovoltaic Converters PV Generator Characteristicsand Cell Load Characteristics and Direct-CoupledSystems Controls and Maximum Power PointTrackers Design High-Flux PV Summary771 References77124 Wind Wind One-Dimensional Wind Turbine Estimating Wind Turbine Average Power andEnergy Summary796 References796 APPENDIXES797A Problems797B Nomenclature856C International system of Units 861D Meteorological Data863E Average Shading Factors forOverhangs870 Index887 PrefaceThis fourth edition emphasizes Solar system design and analysis using simulations.

10 Thedesign of many systems that use conventional energy sources ( , oil, gas, and electricity)use a worst-case environmental condition think of a building heating system . If thesystem can maintain the building temperature during the coldest period, it will be able tohandle all less severe conditions. To be sure, even building heating systems are now usingsimulations during the design phase. In addition to keeping the building comfortable duringthe worst conditions, various design choices can be made to reduce annual energy and earlier editions of this book describe TRNSYS (pronounced Tran-sis), ageneral system simulation program (see Chapter 19). Like all heating and air conditioningsystems, a Solar system can be thought of as a collection of components. TRNSYShas hundreds of component models, and the TRNSYS language is used to connect thecomponents together to form a system .