Solid waste management in India

1 Solid waste management IN INDIAU tkarsh Patel04 January 2019 ICRIER, New DelhiSTRUCTURE OF THE Solid waste Scenario in Disposal of Solid Sustainable Solid waste Management21. MUNICIPAL Solid WASTESCENARIO IN INDIA3 Household WasteCommercial & Institutional WasteMarket and Catering WasteStreet Sweepings and Silt from DrainsHorticulture and Dairy WasteSlaughter house WasteTreated Biomedical WasteMUNICIPALSOLID waste -Construction and Demolition (C&D) waste is no longer a part of municipal Solid waste . C&D waste management Rules 2016, Plastic waste management Rules 2016, E- waste management Rules 2016, Biomedical waste management Rules 2016, and Hazardous and Other waste management Rules 2016 are separately notified by MoEF&CC4 ALTERNATIVE ESTIMATES FOR MSW GENERATIONYearSourceAnnual Generation (million tonnes)2017 Our estimate 1based on 450 gm per capita daily generation and urban population of 440 million*722017 Our estimate 2based on 400 gm per capita daily generation and urban population of 440 million*642014-15 Central Pollution Control Board522014-15 Ministry of Urban Development522013-14 Task Force on waste to Energy, Planning Commission62 Source.

2 CPCB, MoH&UA, Planning Commission* based on United Nations population estimates5 TOP MSW GENERATING CITIES IN India 2016*79085085085010001000120015001680230 02500400042005000600086009620 Agra PER DAYPOPULATION IN MILLION* Urban AgglomerationsSource: State Pollution Control Boards, Municipal Corporations, and UN population estimates6 COMPOSITION OF MSW IN India (% OF TOTAL)5110732 BiodegradablePlasticPaperOther (textile, glass, metal, drain silt, street sweepings, inert)Source: Task Force on waste to Energy, Planning Commission, 20147 BIODEGRADABLE waste GENERATIONI N D I A, C H I N A AN D OT H E R C O U N T R I ESGroups Classified according to The World Bank estimates of 2018 GNI per capitaSource: What a waste , The World Bank, 20128< 1,0051,006 3,9553,956 12,235> 12,236 Gross National Income per capita ($)Low IncomeLower-middleIncomeUpper-middleInco meHigh IncomeIndiaChina203040506070 Biodegradable waste (% of total)MSW COLLECTION & SEGREGATION AT SOURCE LARGE CITIES: SELF-REPORTEDCityStatePopulation (million)Door-to-door Collection from Households (%)Segregation at Source (%) cities are with population greater than 5 million(data for Kolkata are not available)9 MSW COLLECTION & SEGREGATION AT SOURCE SELECTED MID-SIZE CITIES: SELF-REPORTEDCityStatePopulation (million)Door-to-door Collection from Households (%)Segregation at Source (%)IndoreMadhya cities are with population between 1 million and 5 million10 MSW COLLECTION & SEGREGATION AT SOURCE SELECTED SMALL CITIES.

3 SELF-REPORTEDCityStatePopulation (million)Door-to-door Collection from Households (%)Segregation at Source (%)Warangal Telangana Tamil Telangana cities are with population less than 1 million112. RESOURCE RECOVERY12 INSTALLED C APACITY OF COMPOST PLANTS BY STATES tateNumber of PlantsInstalled Capacity (tonnes/year)Operational Capacity (%)Maharashtra134,88, Karnataka184,73, Gujarat151,74, Kerala31,56, Telangana51,92, Delhi41,68, Rajasthan11,80, West Bengal51,70, Uttar Pradesh71,24, Tamil Nadu967, Madhya Pradesh136, Punjab219, Haryana418, Assam115, Andhra Pradesh22, Chhattisgarh11, TOTAL9523,67, Source: 34thReport on Implementation of Policy on Promotion of City Compost, 16thLok Sabha (2016)13 OPERATIONAL MEDIUM AND LARGE-SC ALEBIOMETHANATION PLANTSCityDeveloperInstalled Capacity (TPD)OutputPuneNobel Exchange300*Bio-CNG: Manure: TPDB engaluruNobel Exchange250 Bio-CNG:Manure: 25 TPDS olapurOrganic Recyclers400 Electricity: 4 MWManure: 60 TPDC hennaiRamky30 Electricity: MWManure: 3 TPD* Operational capacity as of 2017 is 25%14 Source.

4 MiscellaneousOPERATIONAL LARGE RDF PLANTSL ocationDeveloperCapacity(TPD)RDF(TPD)Koc hiKochi MC400100 JaipurVikram Cements500150 SuratHanjer500125 ChandigarhJaypee500300 PuneRochem400250 Navi MumbaiPyrocrat300 Bengaluru500 BengaluruMSGP500 BengaluruKCDC200 Bengaluru20015 Source: MiscellaneousOPERATIONAL waste -TO-ENERGY PLANTSL ocationDeveloperCapacity(TPD)Electricity Generation(MW)Delhi OkhlaJindal Ecopolis1, GhazipurIL&FS Environment1, BawanaRamky2, (MP) , Environment1, : Miscellaneous173. UNSCIENTIFIC DISPOSAL OF Solid WASTEENVIRONMENTALLY UNSUSTAINABLESOLID waste management Consumption without regard for resource conservation leads to excess downstream demand for virgin materials Mixing wet waste with dry waste at the source of generation Increased volume of unprocessed mixed waste adds to transport demand Anaerobic decomposition of organic fraction (~60%) present in the mixed waste dumped at landfill sites releases methane Leachate oozing out of decomposing organic matter releases nitrous oxide Act of burning waste18 LAND ALLOC ATED FOR DEVELOPING LANDFILLSN umber of SitesArea Allocated (ha)Chennai2466 Coimbatore2292 Surat1200 Mumbai3140 Hyderabad1121 Ahmedabad184 Delhi366 Jabalpur161 Indore160 Madurai149 Bengaluru241 Vishakhapatnam141 Ludhiana140 Source.

5 Annual Report 2010-11, Central Pollution Control Board19 ESTIMATED CITY-WISE CO2-E EMISSIONS FROM LANDFILL SITES IN 2016 Total MSW(tonne/day)MSW dumpedCO2e emission(tonne/day)CO2e emission(k-tonne/yr)Equivalence to passenger vehicles( 000, /yr)*Delhi962050% * Assuming mileage of kilometre per litre and 18,350 kilometre driven in a year204. TOWARDS SUSTAINABLESOLID waste MANAGEMENT21 ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITYSOLID waste management Promoting the concept of Reduce and Reuse and thereby decrease consumption Recycling waste to save energy by deferring extraction of virgin materials Composting organic waste to improve soil carbon content and help substitute chemical fertilisers in agriculture Biomethanation of biodegradable waste to harnesses the latent energy in organic matter Converting non-biodegradable and non-recyclable waste of high calorific value into RDF to extract energy through incineration Depositing unrecoverable carbonic compounds into sanitary landfills to isolate them from the environment Bioremediating legacy of waste accumulated at dumpsites to reclaim space22 FINANCIAL UNSUSTAINABILITY OFSOLID waste management ULBs in India are heavily dependent on higher level governments for transfers Own revenues of ULBs have been

6 On a downward trend ULBs not empowered to mobilise financial resources through raising taxes or levying user-fee or unlocking land value Investment of 70,000 crore (not incl. land cost) at 2016-17 prices over a 20-year period to bridge the infrastructure deficit in SWM (HPEC 2011) ULBs not in a position to fund capital investment User charges do not cover O&M costs ULBs do not have a business model to attract private investment Only 15-25% of municipal revenue expenditure is spent on SWM Collection and transportation accounts for upto90% of this expenditure23 SWACHH BHARATH MISSION GoIhas committed 24% of a total cost of 62,000 crore for the Mission Rest to come from budgets of state governments/ ULBs User charges, taxes and unlocking land value? These are the areas where JNNURM failed The Mission is mostly targeted towards making cities open-defecation free, building community toilets and generating awareness on SWM Attention on collection and transportation: resource recovery and safe disposal have been ignored24 ISSUES IN FINANCIALLY SUSTAINABLESOLID waste management Fertiliser subsidy Marketing of compost Operational efficiency of biomethanation plants Financial sustainability of WtEplants Economics of bioremediation Economics of Recycling2526 , SolidWasteManagementinIndia:AnAssessment ofResourceRecoveryandEnvironmentalImpact .

7 ICRIERW orkingPaper356(2018)Accessibleat: YOU27