South African Parking Standards

1 42 Transportation Research Record 816. 20. Parking As A Factor In Business. HRB, Special 24. H. Simkowitz and others. Parking Permit Pro- Rept. 11, 1953. grams to Restrain the Automobile in Residential 21. Olsson and Miller. The Impact on Neighborhoods. Proc., Transportation Research Commuters of a Residential Parking Permit Pro- Forum, 1979. gram. Urban Institute, Washington, DC, Dec. 25. Pratt and Associates, Inc. Transportation 1979. Controls for Air Quality Improvement in the 22. Vuchic and M. Suleiman Hessami. Parking National Capitol Region. Metropolitan Washing- Policy as a Transportation System Management ton Council of Governments, Washington, DC, Oct. Measure. Univ. of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 1976. Final Rept., Aug. 1978. 23. Moulton.

2 Analysis of Residential Permit Parking in Washington, DC. Catholic Univ., Publication of this paper sponsored by Committee on Transportation System thesis, Nov. 13, 1978. Management. South African Parking Standards MACKEY, VANZYL, AND VORSTER. Certain minimum desirable Parking Standards were developed in the Urban authorities should consider inclusion of the Parking Tra nsport Branch of tho South African Det>artment of Transport during 1979- provision requirements in their town planning 1980. This was do ne to provide guidanco and requirements for uniform park schemes, with the understanding that deviations ing Standards . This paper conveys these Standards and some of the background would be possible if adequate motivation proves it to the development of the Standards .

3 The subject is dealt with in two parts: necessary. Standards for Parking dimension and requirements for Parking provision. In the first section, the establishment of a South African design vehicle is dis . The purpose of the report was to cover only those cussed-motor cars in South Africa are generally smaller than those in the aspects of Parking that may differ from available United States and slightly larger than the European cars. From tho design vehi overseas Standards and requirements. The use of de, at present proposed to be m in length and m wide, the dimensions other literature on Parking in conjunction with this of Parking bays and aisle widths are derived and certain Standards proposed. report is thus recommended [ , (1_)]. For 90 Parking a basic standard module width is wide aisles.

4 Dimon . sions for angle Parking and for on-street Parking are also proposed as well as Standards FOR Parking DIMENSIONS. di mensions for cortoln Parking garages. In tho socond section, tho background t o tho development of roquiremonts for provlsion ,of off-street Parking is di s- South African Design Vehicle cussed. A questionnaire on current Parking provision require ments was sont to all local authorities in the five declared metropolitan areas in South Africa. The Minimum Standards and desirable Standards for dimen- results of this survey we re compared wilh fi ndings of Parking d emand survoys and South Afrieon and overseas proposed Standards . A summary o f the recom- sions of Parking bays can be laid down. For the mended minimum dosl rnble Standards for Parking provision is thon purpose of this report, we decided to propos e only one desirable standard that will be applicable to most circumstances.

5 Good judgment is necessary, however, in the application of these Standards , and Parking is a very important and integral part of the certain deviations may be necessary. These stan- total transportation system in any metropolitan dards apply only to ordinary private vehicles such area. Because of the ever-increasing cost of land as motor cars, minibuses, and light delivery vehi- and construction of Parking facilities and also cles but not to trucks and buses. South African because of the influence of on-street and off-street motor cars are generally smaller than those in the Parking on traffic flow, it is necessary for all United States and probably slightly larger than authorities to e nsure compliance with adequate, European cars: therefore, it was necessary to de- realistic, and effective Parking r e q uir e men ts and velop a South African design vehicle from which di- Standards .

6 The Urban Transport Branch of the mensions of Parking bays can be derived. Department of Transport there fore c ompiled a repo rt A number of people, including the city engineer's on Parking Standards OJ, of whic h this paper is a department of Durban (3), Olivier (4), Uys and Van summary. The object of the r epor t was to propose der Merwe (..?_), and th;- Division of -Highway Traffic (a) Standards for Parking dimen sion and (b) require- Engineering of the South African Institute of Civil ments for Parking prov1s1on to provide national Engineers <ilr did some work on the dimensions of a guidance and requirements for uniform Parking stan- South African design vehicle. Most of the above- dards and also to assist t he National Transport Com- mentioned studies based the design vehicle on the 95.

7 Mission in evaluating req uests for subs i d i es for percentile value of the different dimensions. This Parking facilities. represents a conservative working value that covers Th e National Tr a ns port Commission acc ep t ed, in the overall majority of vehicles. Cumulative fre- princ iple , t he p a rk i ng -dimens i o n sta ndard s a nd p ark- quency diagrams were plotted for such factors as the ing - prov i sion requiremen ts , a s laid d own i n the length, width, turning circle, and height of vehi- report, as the minimum desirable Standards for the cles from which the 95 percentile values can easily urban areas of South Africa . The commission further be determined. agreed that the report be distributed to all local Uys and Van der Merwe (.)

8 ?_) found a definite trend authorities in the declared metropolitan transport toward smaller cars in South Africa. Volkswagen areas, that it should be recommended to the core South Africa (7) confirmed this after studying the cities for possible acceptance and application in change in buyi;;g habits of the South African moto r - their respective transport plans, and that al l l ocal ing public. They found an increase of 15 percent in Transportation Research Record 816 43. Table 1. Comparison of design vehicle dimensions. Place Source Length(m) Width(m) Turning Circle (m). United States Eno Foundation (jl_) Eno Foundation(~) Institute of Traffic Engineers ( ) Institute of Transportation Engineering (l!) Europe Glanville and Seymer (11) South Africa Durban Corporation (J) 4.

9 88 South African Institution of Civil Engineers( ) Olivier (,i) Uys and Van der Merwe (~) Proposed Note: The foJJowing factors are generally accepted to play a rnle in determining dimensions of Parking bays: vehicle size dimensions, o perational characteristics, driving ability . and user convenience. Figure 1. Design vehicle and 90 stall. tween a vehicle and a wall or other fixed objects, primarily for the opening of doors. After consid- END OF STALL. eration of proposals by various authors and the variation in car positioning in the stall, a stan- dard of O. 7 m was proposed for design purposes. Kanaan and Witheford (11_) found that parkers did ..J..J not, on the average, pull all the way into a Parking "",_ bay. Therefore it was proposed that an additional "' O.

10 2 m should be added to the length of the design vehicle in determining stall lengths. No provision was made for vehicles Parking with part of the over- hang extending over curbs or sidewalks because pa r k- ing like that might interfere with pedestrian activ- ities and might also damage certain vehicles. the number of new small cars sold in the period 1973 Of f- S t r e et Parki ng to May 1979 and a further increase was expected. After the available data were compared, the fol- If the tolerances mentioned above are added to the lowing basic dimensions for the South African design dimensions of the design vehicle, it results in a vehicle were proposed: proposed general 90 bay size of m in length and m in width, as shown in Figure 1. A Parking bay Item Dimens i on Im) next to a wall should be m wider, however, to Length allow for the opening of doors.