SPACE MISSION ANALYSIS AND DESIGN Third Edition

1 SPACE MISSION ANALYSIS AND DESIGNT hird EditionTHE SPACE TECHNOLOGY LIBRARYP ublished jointly by Microcosm Press and Kluwer Academic PublishersAn Introduction to MISSION DESIGN for Geostationary Satellites, J. J. PochaSpace MISSION ANALYSIS and DESIGN , 1st Edition , James R. Wertz and Wiley J. Larson* SPACE MISSION ANALYSIS and DESIGN , 2nd Edition , Wiley J. Larson and James R. Wertz* SPACE MISSION ANALYSIS and DESIGN Workbook, Wiley J. Larson and James R. WertzHandbook of Geostationary Orbits, E. M. Soop*Spacecraft Structures and Mechanisms, From Concept to Launch, Thomas P. SarafinSpaceflight life Support and Biospherics, Peter Eckart*Reducing SPACE MISSION Cost, James R.

2 Wertz and Wiley J. LarsonThe Logic of Microspace, Rick Fleeter*Also in the DoD/NASA SPACE Technology Series (Managing Editor Wiley J. Larson)The SPACE Technology Library Editorial BoardManaging Editor:James R. Wertz, Microcosm, Inc., Torrance, CAEditorial Board:Val A. Chobotov, The Aerospace Corporation (retired)Michael L. DeLorenzo, United States Air Force AcademyRoland Dor , International SPACE University, Strasbourg, FranceRobert B. Giffen, United States Air Force Academy (retired)Gwynne Gurevich, Microcosm, J. Larson, United States Air Force AcademyTom Logsdon, Rockwell International (retired)Landis Markley, Goddard SPACE Flight CenterRobert G.

3 Melton, Pennsylvania State UniversityKeiken Ninomiya, Institute of SPACE & Astronautical Science, JapanJehangir J. Pocha, Matra Marconi SPACE , Stevenage, EnglandFrank J. Redd, Utah State UniversityMalcolm D. Shuster, University of FloridaGael Squibb, Jet Propulsion LaboratoryMartin Sweeting, University of Surrey, EnglandSpaceMissionAnalysisandDesignThir d EditionEdited byJames R. WertzMicrocosm, J. LarsonUnited States Air Force AcademyCoordination byDouglas Kirkpatrick, United States Air Force AcademyDonna Klungle, Microcosm, book is published as part of the SPACE Technology Series, a cooperative activity of theUnited States Department of Defense and National Aeronautics and SPACE Technology LibraryPublished Jointly byMicrocosm PressTorrance, CaliforniaKluwer Academic PublishersDordrecht / Boston / LondonThird EditionLibrary of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataA Catalogue record for this book is available fromthe Library of 1-881883-10-8 (pb) (acid-free paper)ISBN 0-7923-5901-1 (hb) (acid-free paper)

4 Cover photo of Earth from SPACE : View of Africa and the Indian Ocean taken in Dec. 1972, by Apollo 17,the last of the Apollo missions to explore the Moon. Photo courtesy of DESIGN by Jeanine Newcomb and Joy Sakaguchi. Published jointly by Microcosm Press2377 Crenshaw Blvd., Suite 350, Torrance, CA 90501 USAandKluwer Academic Publishers, Box 17, 3300 AA Dordrecht, The Academic Publishers incorporatesthe publishing programmes ofD. Reidel, Martinus Nijhoff, Dr. W. Junk and MTP and distributed in the USA and Canadaby Microcosm, Crenshaw Blvd., Suite 350, Torrance, CA 90501 USAand Kluwer Academic Publishers,101 Philip Drive, Norwell, MA 02061 USAIn all other countries, sold and distributedby Kluwer Academic Publishers Group, Box 322, 3300 AA Dordrecht, The on acid-free paperAll Rights Reserved 1999 Larson and Microcosm, part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced orutilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical,including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage andretrieval system.

5 Without written permission from the copyright in the United States of AmericavTable of ContentsList of SPACE MISSION ANALYSIS and DESIGN and SPACE MISSION life 1: Definition of MISSION 2: Preliminary Estimate of MISSION Needs, Requirements, and 3: Identifying Alternative MISSION 4: Identifying Alternative MISSION 5: Identifying System 6: Characterizing the MISSION 7: Identification of Critical 8: MISSION 9: MISSION Concept of Requirements in System ANALYSIS and Performance Documentation and : The Steps to a Requirements MISSION to Geometry on the Celestial Geometry Viewed from Motion of Satellites for an Observer on the of Mapping and Pointing to Maintenance155viTable of and Constellation Orbit DESIGN V Orbits for Earth-Referenced Transfer, Parking,and SPACE -Referenced SPACE Environment and SPACE and Survivability Payload DESIGN and DESIGN and Sizing Requirements and Subject Payload Payload DESIGN and , Constraints,and the DESIGN the Spacecraft the Spacecraft Determination and , Tracking.

6 And and Data and and Manufacture and of High-Reliability and Quality Qualification Qualification Test Site Operations530 Table of the Communications a MISSION Operations of SPACE MISSION Operations the Size and Cost of MISSION Spacecraft and Ground Operations System DESIGN and Ground System DESIGN Ground System s Basic Typical Ground to Building a Dedicated DESIGN Computer System Resource Propulsion Subsystem Selection and of Rocket of Selection and Launch Vehicle System Selection the Spacecraft DesignEnvelope and Manufacturing and SPACE Systems for for SPACE MISSION to Cost Parametric Cost Estimation Estimating Example811viiiTable of on MISSION and Policy Debris A SPACE of Low-Cost Low-Cost SPACE SPACE Systems Capabilities and Miniature Satellite Technology to from Large to Small of Low-Cost SPACE Bibliography on Low-Cost SPACE the SPACE MISSION ANALYSIS and SMAD to Later MISSION Learned from Existing SPACE Trends889 APPENDICESA ppendix A.

7 Mass Distribution for Selected Satellites894 Appendix B. Astronautical and Astrophysical Data897 Appendix C. Elliptical Orbit Equations902 Appendix D. Spherical Geometry Formulas904 Appendix E. Universal Time and Julian Dates908 Appendix F. Units and Conversion Factors914 Index923 INSIDE FRONT COVERF undamental Physical ConstantsInside Front CoverSpaceflight ConstantsInside Front CoverIndex to Process ChartsPage Facing Inside Front CoverINSIDE REAR COVERE arth Satellite ParametersInside Rear PagesixList of AuthorsHenry Apgar. Vice President, MCR International, Inc., Thousand Oaks, , Northeastern University; (Electrical Engineering), Rutgers 20 Cost A.

8 Bearden. Senior Project Engineer, Corporate Business Division, The Aero- SPACE Corporation, El Segundo, California. , (Aerospace Engineering),University of Southern California; (Mechanical Engineering), University ofUtah. Chapter 20 Cost Bell. MISSION Analyst, Microcosm, Inc., Torrance, California. (Aero- SPACE Engineering), University of Southern California; (Aerospace Engineering),University of Southern California. Appendix F Units and Conversion T. Berget. Program Director, BF Goodrich Aerospace, Data Systems Divi-sion, Albuquerque, New Mexico. , (Electrical Engineering), University ofNew Mexico. Section Command and Data B.

9 Blake. Director, SPACE Sciences Department, SPACE and Environment Tech-nology Center, The Aerospace Corporation, El Segundo, California. , (Physics), University of Illinois; (Engineering Physics), University of The SPACE G. Boden. Associate Professor of Aerospace Engineering, Naval Acad-emy, Annapolis, Maryland. (Aeronautical and Astronautical Engineering),University of Illinois; (Astronautical Engineering), Air Force Institute ofTechnology; (Aerospace Engineering), University of Colorado. Chapter6 Introduction to R. Britton. Mechanisms Section Manager, SPACE Systems, Lockheed MartinAstronautics, Denver, Colorado.

10 (Mechanical Engineering), Drexel Structures and F. Brodsky. Chief Engineer, Microcosm, Inc., Torrance, California. AdjunctProfessor of Aerospace Engineering, University of Southern California. (Engineering), New York University; Engineering, New York University; (Mathematics), University of New Mexico; , Cornell 9 SPACE Payload DESIGN and B. Carraway. Principal Engineer, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena,California. (Electrical Engineering), Massachusetts Institute of 14 MISSION of AuthorsBruce Chesley. Small Satellite Program Manager and Assistant Professor of Astro-nautics, Air Force Academy, Colorado Springs, Colorado.