Spanish North America

1 14 CHAPTER1 Exploration and the Colonial EraTerms & NamesTerms & NamesMAIN IDEAMAIN IDEA ChristopherColumbus Taino Treaty ofTordesillas ColumbianExchange conquistador Hern ndo Cort s Montezuma mestizo encomienda New Spain New MexicoBeginning with the voyage ofChristopher Columbus, theSpanish built a vast colonialempire in the Spanish left an impact onthe cultures of North and SouthAmerica that helped to shapepresent-day IT MATTERS NOWWHY IT MATTERS NOWOn August 3, 1492, the Genoese marinerChristopher Columbusset out on a bold expedition: to find a route to Asia by sailing westacross the Atlantic Ocean. It was a journey destined to change thecourse of world history. A seeker of fame and fortune, Columbusbegan his travel journal by restating the deal he had struck with theSpanish rulers financing his PERSONALVOICECHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS Based on the information that I had given Your Highnesses aboutthe land of India and about a Prince who is called the Great Khan[of China].

2 Your Highnesses decided to send me .. to theregions of India, to see .. the peoples and the lands, and to learnof .. the measures which could be taken for their conversion toour Holy Faith.. I was to go by way of the west, whence untiltoday we do not know with certainty that anyone has gone. The Log of Christopher ColumbusColumbus never reached Asia. He landed on an island he thought was off thecoast of Asia but was actually in the Caribbean Sea. Instead of finding the GreatKhan, Columbus set in motion a process that brought together the American,European, and African Crosses the AtlanticIn October 1492, roughly two months after leaving Spain, Columbus s small fleetof ships, theNi a, thePinta, and theSanta Mar a, reached land. Columbus wentashore, where he encountered a group of people who would become known as theTaino(tFPnI), from their word for noble ones. He planted Spanish banners andrenamed their island San Salvador ( Holy Savior ), claiming it for spent 96 days exploring four coral islands in the Bahamas and thecoastlines of two larger Caribbean islands, known today as Cuba and North AmericaOne European's Story ChristopherColumbus froma painting donein ,AFRICA,ANDASIAEUROPE,AFRICA,ANDASIATOAM ERICASEUROPEAFRICAASIANORTHAMERICAATLANT IC OCEANS quashTomato PeppersTurkey PumpkinAvocadoCornPeanutLivestock Cattle Sheep Pig HorseGrains Wheat Rice Barley OatsDisease Smallpox Influenza Typhus Measles Malaria Diphtheria Whooping CoughHoneybeeSugarCaneCitrus FruitsTurnipBananaOliveOnionCoffee BeanGrapeCassavaCacao BeanSweetPotatoPineapplePotatoTobaccoBea nsVanilla QuininePeach & PearGEOGRAPHY SKILLBUILDERH uman-environmentinteractionHow do you thinkthe Columbian Exchange hasenriched each hemisphere?

3 The Columbian ExchangeConvinced that he had landed on islands off Asia, known to Europeans as theIndies, Columbus called the people he met los indios. Thus the name Indiancameto be mistakenly applied to all the diverse peoples of the Americas. The Spanishmonarchs were thrilled with Columbus s discoveries and funded three more of hisvoyages this time to colonize the lands he had IMPACT ON NATIVE AMERICANSBy the time Columbus set sail for hisreturn to Hispaniola in 1493, Europeans had already developed a pattern for col-onization. They had glimpsed the profitability of the plantation system, realizedthe economic benefits of using native or local peoples for forced labor, andlearned to use European weapons to dominate native peoples. These tactics wouldbe used in the Americas. The arrival of the Europeans devastated Native Americans by another means:disease. The Taino, for example, had not developed any natural immunity tomeasles, mumps, chickenpox, smallpox, typhus, or other diseases Europeans hadunknowingly brought with them.

4 Consequently, the Taino died by the thousandsonce they were IMPACT ON AFRICANSWith the decline of the native work force theEuropean settlers of the Americas eventually turned to Africa for slaves. TheAtlantic slave trade devastated many African societies, particularly in West in the 1500s, African cultures lost many of their young and more ablemembers. Before the Atlantic slave trade ended in the 1800s, it had drained Africaof at least 10 million IMPACT ON EUROPEANSC olumbus s voyages had profound effects onEuropeans as well. In search of new lives, Europeans began to cross the Atlanticby the thousands in what would become one of the biggest voluntary migrationsin world history. Overseas expansion inflamed national rivalries in Europe. In1494, Spain and Portugal signed the Treaty of Tordesillas(t rQdE-sCPEs), inwhich they agreed to divide the Western Hemisphere between them. THE COLUMBIAN EXCHANGEThe voyages of Columbus and those after him ledto the discovery of plants and animals in the Americas that were new to Europeansand Africans.

5 Ships took items such as corn, potatoes, and tobacco from theAmericas to Europe and to Africa. From these countries, they brought back live-stock, grains, fruit, and coffee. This global transfer of living things, called theColumbian Exchange,began with Columbus s first voyage and continues colonize:toestablishsettlements underthe control of aparent countr yAMAIN IDEAMAIN IDEAAA nalyzingEventsWhat didSpain andPortugal agree to do in the Treaty ofTordesillas?16 CHAPTER1 Exploration and the Colonial EraThe Spanish Claim a New EmpireIn the wake of Columbus s voyages, Spanish explorers took to the seas to claimnew colonies for Spain. These explorers were lured by the prospect of vastlands filled with gold and silver. Known as conquistadors(kJng-kCPstE-d rzQ)(conquerors), they conquered much of the Americas. CORT S SUBDUES THE AZTECSoon after landing in Mexico in 1519,Hern ndo Cort slearned of the vast and wealthy Aztec empire in the region sinterior.

6 With a force of 508 men, 16 horses, 10 cannons, and numerous dogs, theconquistador marched inland. The Spaniards marveled at Tenochtitl n, the Aztec capital, with its toweringtemples and elaborate engineering works including a system that brought freshwater into the city. We were amazed, one of Cort s s soldiers said of his firstglimpse of Tenochtitl n. Some of our soldiers even asked whether the things wesaw were not a dream. While the Aztec city astonished the Spaniards, the capi-tal s glittering gold stock seemed to hypnotize them. They picked up the goldand fingered it like monkeys, one native witness recalled. They hungered likepigs for that gold. The Aztec emperor, Montezuma,convinced at first that Cort s was an armor-clad god, agreed to give the Spanish explorer a share of the empire s existing goldsupply. The conquistador was not satisfied. Cort s eventually forced the Aztec tomine more gold and silver. In the spring of 1520, the Aztec rebelled against theSpaniards intrusion.

7 Regarding Montezuma as a trai-tor, the Aztec are believed to have stoned their ruler todeath before driving out Cort s s they had successfully repelled the Spanishinvaders, the Aztec were falling victim to the diseasesthat the Spanish had brought with them. By the timeCort s launched a counterattack in 1521, theSpanish and their native allies overran an Aztec forcethat had been greatly reduced by smallpox andmeasles. After several months of fighting, theinvaders sacked and burned Tenochtitl n, and the Aztec Spanish PATTERN OF CONQUESTIn building their American empire, theSpaniards lived among the native peopleand sought to impose their own cultureupon them. The settlers, mostly men,tended to intermarry with native practice eventually created a largemestizo(mDs-tCPzI) or mixed Spanishand Native American population inthe Spanishcolonies. Nonetheless, theSpanish also oppressed the people amongwhom they lived.

8 In their effort to exploitthe land for its resources, they forcedNative American workers to labor in anencomienda(Dng-k -myDnPd ) that system, natives farmed,ranched, or mined for Spanish landlords,who received the rights to their laborfrom Spanish NDO CORT S1485 1547 Cort s made himself the enemyof thousands of Native Americans,but the daring conquistador didnot have many friends amongSpaniards. Spanish authorities on Cuba, where Cort s ownedland, accused the conquista-dor of murdering his wife, Catalina Ju rez. There were ugly accusations, but none proved, wrote Ju rez addition, the Cuban governor, Diego Vel zquez,who resented Cort s s arrogance, relieved him of the com-mand of a gold-seeking expedition to the mainland. Cort s left Cuba anyway. As he fought his way through Mexico, Cort s had to battle not only the NativeAmericans but also the Spanish forces that Vel zquez sent to arrest IDEAMAIN IDEABS ummarizingWhat factorsenabled theSpanish toconquer theAztec?

9 PACIFICOCEANATLANTICOCEANV errazzano1524 Columbus1492 Columbus1493 96 Columbus1502 03 Columbus1498 Hudson1609 Hudson1610 11 Cabot1497 Cartier1534 35 Pizarro1530 33 Cort s1519 Cabrillo1542 43 DeSoto1539 42La Salle1679 1682 Ponce de L on1512 13 Balboa1510 13 Coronado1540 42 Joliet and Marquette1672 73 Cabeza de Vaca1528 361499 1500 VespucciHudsonBayCaribbean SeaGulf ofMexicoNORTHAMERICASOUTHAMERICAAFRICAEU ROPEH ispaniolaCanaryIslandsMadeiraAzoresFRANC ESPAINICELANDGREENLANDPORTUGALENGLANDCUB A40 N80 N20 NTropic of CancerArctic CircleEquator120 W120 W100 W20 WTenochtitl n(Mexico City)Santo DomingoVeracruzSanta FeNSEWS panishFrenchEnglishDutchColumbus001,0002 ,000 kilometers1,0002,000 milesGEOGRAPHY many voyages tothe Americas did Columbus make? what years did the Englishand French sail to the Americas andwhich regions did they explore?REVIEWUNIT17 Juan de la Cosa, pilot-navigator on Columbus s shipNi a, drew the knownworld on this oxhide map in 1500. Europeans shaky understanding of thegeography of the Americas at this time is revealed in the coastline of Northand South America (shown in green).

10 European Exploration of the Americas, 1492 1682A number of Spanish priests demanded an end to the harsh encomienda sys-tem. In 1511, Fray Antonio de Montesinos delivered a fiery sermon in which heattacked the use of the native population for slave PERSONALVOICEFRAY ANTONIO DE MONTESINOS Tell me, by what right or justice do you hold these Indians in such a cruel andhorrible servitude? .. Why do you keep them so oppressed and exhausted, with-out giving them enough to eat or curing them of the sicknesses they incur fromthe excessive labor you give them? .. Are you not bound to love them as youlove yourselves? Don t you understand this? Don t you feel this? quoted in Reflections, Writing for ColumbusIn 1542, the Spanish monarchy abolished the encomienda system, and tomeet their labor needs, the Spaniards began to use enslaved Africans. SPAIN ENJOYS A GOLDEN AGEIn 1532, Francisco Pizarro plundered thewealthy Inca empire on the western coast of South America .