STANDARDS FOR ELA: GLOSSARY OF TERMS

1 STANDARDS FOR ELA: GLOSSARY OF TERMS Adage- A traditional saying that expresses something considered to be a general truth. ( , Don't count your chickens before they hatch). An adage that describes a general rule of conduct is a maxim. See also maxim Affixes - A general term that refers to both suffixes and prefixes. Alliteration- The repetition of a consonant sound at the beginning of two or more words that are next to each other or near each other to create a feeling or mood. ( , Fly away, my fine feathered friend.) Allusion- A literary device that stimulates ideas, associations, and extra information in the reader's mind with only a word or two.

2 Allusion means reference and relies on the reader being able to understand the allusion and being familiar with all of the meaning hidden behind the words. Article - A written composition in prose, usually nonfiction, on a specific topic, forms an independent part of a book or other publication, such as a newspaper or magazine. Author's purpose- When an author writes, he or she has a purpose in mind. Writers usually write to inform, to persuade or to entertain. It is an understanding of the author's intention, style, presentation, and impact he/she has on the audience. Beauty of text - The author's ability to express emotion or mood through his or her writing.

3 Cause and effect- An action-reaction combination. The cause is the reason something happens, and the effect is what happens as a result. Central idea/Theme - Another way of saying "theme." A theme is the focus, or the lesson learned. Characteristics- The distinguishing features by which a person or thing can be identified. Chronology- The arrangement of events or dates in the order of their occurrence. Clich s- A trite expression, often a figure of speech whose effectiveness has been worn out through overuse and excessive familiarity. ( , Live and learn. What goes around comes around.) Closed syllables-Contain a vowel between two consonants, and a vowel in a closed syllable has a short sound ( , pat, pet, pit, pot and putt).

4 Compare and contrast- A written exercise about the similarities and differences between two or more people, places or things. Coordinating conjunctions - Conjunctions that join different parts of a sentence together ( , and, but, or). The following is an example of a sentence using coordinating conjunctions: Bob and Ted or Carol and Alice can go with us, but not Tom, Dick, or Harry. Correlative conjunction- Pairs of words that are used to link words together. When using correlative conjunctions the words, phrases, or clauses must be the same type. Nouns must be put together with other nouns, verbs with other verbs, adjectives with other adjectives, etc.

5 Some correlative conjunctions are: , , , , not , also. The following is an example of a sentence using correlative conjunctions. (Both my sister and my brother work with computers.) Cultural literature - Literature that represents any distinct cultural group through accurate portrayal and rich detail. Deduce- To arrive at a conclusion by reasoning, inferring or from facts. Delineate- To describe, portray, or set forth with accuracy using details. Demonstratives States the distance from the speaker. Demonstratives can be used as pronouns or adjectives ( , that, this, these, those). The following indicates an example of sentences using demonstratives ( , That is the place.)

6 That restaurant is really good). Domain-specific words and phrases Vocabulary specific to a particular field of study (domain), such as the human body (CCSS, p. 33); in the STANDARDS , domain-specific words and phrases are analogous to Tier Three words (Language, p. 33). Editing A part of writing and preparing presentations concerned chiefly with improving the clarity, organization, concision, and correctness of expression relative to task, purpose, and audience; compared to revising, a smaller-scale activity often associated with surface aspects of a text. See also revising, rewriting. Emergent reader texts - Texts consisting of short sentences comprised of learned sight words and consonant, vowel, consonant words; may also include rebuses to represent words that cannot yet be decoded or recognized.

7 See also rebus Evidence Facts, figures, details, quotations, or other sources of data and information that provide support for claims or an analysis which can be evaluated by others; should appear in a form and be derived from a source widely accepted as appropriate to a particular discipline, as in details or quotations from a text in the study of literature and experimental results in the study of science. Explicit instruction- Explicit instruction involves direct explanation. The teacher's language is concise, specific, and related to the standard. The actions of the teacher are clear, unambiguous, direct and visible. This makes it clear what the students are to do and learn.

8 Explicitness- Fully and clearly expressed; leaving nothing implied. Fables - Stories that features animals, mythical creatures, plants, inanimate objects or forces of nature that are given human qualities and illustrate a moral lesson which may at the end be expressed in a maxim. See also maxim. Fairytales - Stories that are made up and are written specifically for children. These stories involve fantastic forces and beings such as fairies, wizards, goblins, and giants. They usually include magical or enchanting events that lead to a happy ending. Figurative language- The use of words that go beyond their ordinary meaning. ( , It is raining cats and dogs.)

9 Final le- If a word ends in a consonant followed by le, those three letters form the last syllable ( , ta/ble, an/gle, bun/dle). Focused question A query narrowly tailored to task, purpose, and audience. ( , A research query that is sufficiently precise to allow a student to achieve adequate specificity and depth within the time and format constraints.) Folk tales - A tale or legend originating among a group of people and typically becoming part of oral tradition. Formal English See Standard English. Future perfect - Action is completed with respect to the future. ( , I will have seen it.) Future progressive - To describe a continuing action in the future.

10 ( , Max and Kendall will soon be regretting their decision to dance after eating.) General academic words and phrases Vocabulary common to content texts but not commonly a part of speech; in the STANDARDS , general academic words and phrases are analogous to Tier Two words and phrases (Language, p. 33). Grapheme - All of the letters and letter combinations that represent a phoneme. ( , f, ph, and gh for the phoneme /f/). Hyperbole- An exaggeration of the truth, usually meant to be numerous or funny. ( , I can eat a million ice cream cones.) Idiom- A phrase or expression that differs from the literal meaning of the words; regional or individual expressions with a unique meaning.