Strategic Research Priorities for Cross-Cutting …

1 1 Cross-Cutting technology RHC-PlatformStrategic Research Priorities for Cross-Cutting TechnologyEuropean technology Platform on Renewable Heating and Cooling2 Cross-Cutting technology RHC-Platform3 Cross-Cutting technology RHC-PlatformStrategic Research Priorities for Renewable Heating & CoolingCross- cutting technology European technology Platform on Renewable Heating and Cooling4 Cross-Cutting technology RHC-Platform5 Cross-Cutting technology RHC-PlatformAUTHORSM onica Axell SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden, SEMarco Bakker ECN, NLAlberto Brunialti SIFRI, ITLuisa F. Cabeza Universitat de Lleida, ESEdoardo Calia Istituto Superiore Mario Boella, ITJose M. Corberan Universidad Polit cnica de Valencia, ESRobert de Boer ECN, NLNicolas Fevrier Euroheat & Power, EUAngelo Freni ITAE-CNR, ITSabine Froning Euroheat & Power, EUPhilip Griffiths University of Ulster, UKJean-Christophe Hadorn Base Consultants, CHUli Jakob Green Chiller Verband f r Sorptionsk lte , DESimone Landolina European Renewable Energy Research Centres Agency, EUPer Lundqvist The Royal Institute of technology , SEMichael Monsberger Austrian Institute of technology (AIT)

2 , ATRoger Nordman SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden, SEThomas Nowak European Heat Pump Association, EUThore Oltersdorf Fraunhofer-ISE, DEPhilippe Papillon CEA-INES, FRXavier Py PROMES-CNRS / University of Perpignan, FRBurkhard Sanner European Geothermal Energy Council, EUPeter Schossig Fraunhofer ISE, DEWolfram Sparber EURAC Research , ITSimon Spoelstra ECN, NLLouise Trigg Link ping University, SEMartijn van Aarssen IF technology , NLJohan van Bael VITO, BEWim van Helden Renewable Heat, NLSven Werner Halmstad University, SEWerner Weiss AEE INTEC, ATFelix Ziegler Technical University Berlin, DEEDITOR: SEcRETARIAT Of THE RHc-PlATfORm Simone Landolina European Renewable Energy Research Centres Agency, EURenewable Energy House 63-67 Rue d Arlon B-1040 Brussels - Belgium Manuscript completed in April , European Union, 2012. Photo credits for the cover page: AIT; ECN; Fraunhofer document is available on the Internet at: DISclAImERThe opinions expressed in this document are the sole responsibility of the European technology Platform on Renewable Heating and Cooling and do not necessarily represent the official position of the European and translation for non-commercial purposes are authorised, provided the source is ac-knowledged and the Editor is given prior notice and sent a copy.

3 TAblE Of cOnTEnTS1. INTRODUCTION TO Cross-Cutting technology ..5 DEFINITION ..6 VISION AND Strategic Research AGENDA ..7 GOVERNING PRINCIPLES ..72. DISTRICT HEATING AND COOLING ..9 BACKGROUND ..10 VISION AND POTENTIAL ..10 STATE OF THE ART ..11 NATURE AND TIME DIMENSION OF Research Priorities ..12 TECHNOLOGICAL Research Priorities ..13 THE GREEN TRANSITION ..13 MORE FLEXIBLE SYSTEMS ..17 REGULATION, ACCEPTANCE, AWARENESS: THE NON-TECHNOLOGICAL Strategic Priorities ..20 CONCLUSIONS ..24 SUMMARY TABLE OF Research Priorities ..243. THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE ..28 INTRODUCTION technology STATUS ..29 SENSIBLE HEAT STORAGE ..32 technology DESCRIPTION ..32 Research Priorities ..32 LATENT HEAT STORAGE ..36 technology DESCRIPTION ..36 Research Priorities ..36 THERMOCHEMICAL STORAGE.

4 38 technology DESCRIPTION ..38 Research Priorities ..39 Research Priorities AT SYSTEM LEVEL ..41 NON-TECHNOLOGICAL Priorities ..43 CONCLUSIONS ..444. HEAT PUMPS ..46 INTRODUCTION AND STATE OF THE ART ..47 ELECTRICALLY DRIVEN HEAT PUMPS ..50 Research Priorities FOR ELECTRICALLY DRIVEN HEAT PUMPS ..52 THERMALLY DRIVEN HEAT PUMPS ..57 Priorities FOR ABSORPTION HEAT PUMPS ..60 Priorities FOR SOLID SORPTION HEAT PUMPS ..62 Table of Contents RHC-Platform6 Cross-Cutting technology RHC-Platform7 Cross-Cutting technology RHC-Platform HEAT PUMP APPLICATIONS IN INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES ..66 Priorities FOR INDUSTRIAL HEAT PUMPS ..67 NON-TECHNOLOGICAL Priorities ..70 CONCLUSIONS ..715. HYBRID SYSTEMS ..74 ONE DEFINITION, COUNTLESS COMBINATIONS ..75 SMALL SCALE VS LARGE SCALE HYBRID SYSTEMS ..75 SMALL SCALE HYBRID SYSTEMS: THE BUILDING AS AN ENERGY SYSTEM.

5 76 Research Priorities ..79 LARGE SCALE HYBRID SYSTEMS FOR LARGE BUILDINGS, INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES AND AT DISTRICT Priorities ..84 NON-TECHNOLOGICAL Priorities ..87 ..886. ENABLING Research AREAS ..89 INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION MATERIALS SCIENCE .. REMARKS ..97 APPENDIX 1: TERMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ..100 APPENDIX 2: REFERENCES ..101 APPENDIX 3: SECRETARIAT OF THE RHC-PLATFORM ..1041. Introduction to Cross-Cutting technologyPhoto Burkhard Sanner8 Cross-Cutting technology RHC-Platform9 Cross-Cutting technology RHC-Platform 1. InTRODUcTIOn TO Cross-Cutting TEcHnOlOgyAuthor: Simone Landolina EUREC Agency DEfInITIOnRenewable energy sources (RES) for heating and cooling are becoming an increasingly important compo-nent of Europe s energy mix. In May 2011 the European technology Platform on Renewable Heating and Cooling (RHC-Platform) published its Common Vision 1, a landmark document which explored the short-, medium- and long-term potential of renewable heating and cooling in the European Union.

6 The Common Vision demonstrated that the combined potential of biomass, solar thermal, geothermal and aerothermal sources is enough to satisfy the total expected demand for heating and cooling in the EU before 20502. Nevertheless, this objective can only be achieved if Europe makes better use of its resources. Even though RES for heating and cooling generally have very limited environmental impact and may have no greenhouse gases emissions at all3, efficiency gains are crucial for renewables to fulfill its potential in the next decades. To the RHC-Platform, energy efficiency therefore means achieving synergies among the renewable energy production, distribution and consumption. " Cross-Cutting technology is the term used by the RHC-Platform to describe any energy techno-logy or infrastructure which can be used either to enhance the thermal energy output of a RES, or to enable a greater fraction of the output by the system to be used, or to allow the exploitation of RES which would be difficult or impossible to use in building-specific applications.

7 Four key energy technologies have been identified that fit the definition above. District Heating and Cooling increases the overall efficiency of the energy system by recycling heat losses from a variety of energy conversion processes. Heat which otherwise would be unutilised is recovered and used to meet thermal demands in buildings and industries. Renewable sources which otherwise would be difficult to use, such as many forms of biomass and geothermal energy, can also be exploited. By aggregating a large number of small and variable heating and cooling demands, District Heating and District Cooling allow energy flows from multiple RES to be combined while reducing primary energy demand and carbon emissions in the community served. Thermal energy storage is the solution for a key bottleneck against the widespread and inte-grated use of RES, since the renewable supply does not always coincide with the demand for heating or cooling. Numerous technologies in sensible, latent or thermochemical form can time-shift renewable energy supply to periods of greatest demand, each of them characterised by different specifications and specific advantages.

8 Heat pumps transform thermal renewable energy available at low temperatures from natural sur-roundings to heat at higher temperature. The heat pump cycle can be also used to provide cooling. Heat pumps use aerothermal, hydrothermal and geothermal energy, and can be combined with heat from other RES in hybrid systems (see below). These sources might be renewable in origin or waste energy from industrial processes and exhaust air from buildings. Heat pumps can be highly efficient, although their overall primary energy efficiency depends on the efficiency of electricity production (or other thermal energy source) they use. 2 This forecast is sensitive to future energy Renewable energy installation may cause limited visual, noise or interference impact, especially at the local level, although generally these can be minimized if the installation is planned and sited sensitively. 1 Common Vision for the Renewable Heating and Cooling Sector in Europe: 2020 - 2030 - 2050. European technology Platform on Renewable Heating & Cooling (RHC-Platform), May 2011.

9 Available at Hybrid renewable energy systems, combining two or more energy sources into a single system, can overcome the limitations of individual technologies. This is true for small scale applications such as heating and cooling systems for single family houses as well as for large scale systems suitablefor district heating and cooling or industrial processes. The combination of RES available at different times within the system is especially useful if a more constant demand for heat exists, with the overall efficiency of the system depending strongly on the way the different sources are combined. VISIOn AnD Strategic Research AgEnDAThis RHC-Platform publication on Strategic Research Priorities for Cross-Cutting technology is the first of its kind for the renewable heating and cooling sector. It provides stakeholders with a structured and comprehensive view of the potential of Cross-Cutting technology to enable an increasing share of heating and cooling to be supplied by RES.

10 The contribution of renewable heating and cooling to the EU energy targets by 2020 and beyond will be determined by the availability of reliable, efficient and affordable Cross-Cutting technology . While some of the systems, components and infrastructure that qualify as Cross-Cutting technology are already mature, additional efforts on the Research , development and demonstration of these enabling technologies is critical for the achievement on time of the European Union s growing the market for renewable heating and cooling technology , achieving signifi-cant breakthroughs through targeted, collaborative Research and development activities in Cross-Cutting technology is fundamentally Strategic Research Agenda (SRA) in Cross-Cutting technology provides recommendations to policy makers on how to allocate the budgets of European and national programmes aimed at supporting Research and development and stimulating market pull. In particular, the SRA can be used as input for the identification of the most appropriate areas to fund under the Seventh Framework Programme for Research and Development of the European Union, as well as guidance for the definition of its successor programme Horizon 2020.