Study Guide for Understanding Pathophysiology

1 Study Guide for Understanding PathophysiologyThis page intentionally left blank Study Guide for Understanding PathophysiologySue E. Huether, MSN, PhDProfessor EmeritusCollege of NursingUniversity of UtahSalt Lake City, UtahKathryn L. McCance, MSN, PhDProfessorCollege of NursingUniversity of UtahSalt Lake City, UtahSection EditorsValentina L. Brashers, MDProfessor Nursing and Attending Physician in Internal MedicineUniversity of Virginia Health SystemCharlottesville, VirginiaNeal S. Rote, PhDAcademic Vice-Chair and Director of ResearchDepartment of Obstetrics and GynecologyUniversity Hospitals of Cleveland;Professor of Reproductive Biology and PathologyCase school of MedicineCase Western Reserve UniversityCleveland, OhioPrepared byClayton F. Parkinson, PhDProfessor EmeritusCollege of Health SciencesWeber State UniversityOgden, Utah3251 Riverport LaneSt. Louis, Missouri 63043 Study Guide FOR Understanding Pathophysiology , ISBN: 978-0-323-08489-55TH EDITIONC opyright 2012, 2008, 2004, 2000, 1996 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier rights reserved.

2 No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein).NoticesKnowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our Understanding , changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein.

3 In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional respect to any drug or pharmaceutical products identified, readers are advised to check the most current information provided (i) on procedures featured or (ii) by the manufacturer of each product to be administered, to verify the recommended dose or formula, the method and duration of administration, and contraindications. It is the responsibility of practitioners, relying on their own experience and knowledge of their patients, to make diagnoses, to determine dosages and the best treatment for each individual patient, and to take all appropriate safety the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material President and Publisher: Loren S.

4 WilsonSenior Editor: Sandra ClarkSenior Developmental Editor: Charlene KetchumEditorial Assistant: Brooke KannadyPublishing Services Managers: Jeffrey Patterson and Hemamalini RajendrababuSenior Project Managers: Jeanne Genz and Srikumar NarayananDesigner: Paula CatalanoMultimedia Producer: Lisa GodoskiPrinted in the United States of AmericaLast digit is the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2v Reviewers Mandi Counters, RN, MSN, CNRNA ssistant ProfessorNursing DepartmentMercy College of Health SciencesDes Moines, IowaBradley R Harrell, DNP, ACNP-BC, CCRNA ssistant Professor of NursingSchool of NursingUnion university -GermantownGermantown, TennesseeJane Cross Norman, , , CNEP rofessor of NursingMSN Program DirectorTennessee State UniversityNashville, TennesseeMarylou Virginia Robinson, PhD, FNP-CAssistant ProfessorCollege of NursingUniversity of ColoradoAurora, colorado ReviewersThis page intentionally left blankvii Preface The Study of Pathophysiology is complex, ever expanding, and challenging.

5 It requires correlations between normal and abnormal anatomy and physiology as well as the processes resulting in the manifestations of Study Guide is designed for students as an adjunct to Understanding Pathophysiology , fifth edition, by Sue E. Huether and Kathryn L. McCance. It is intended to facilitate an Understanding of the consequences of pathologic proc-esses on the structure and function of the human Study Guide contains 40 chapters, each following the organization of the textbook. The Guide s chapters have two different formats one for normal anatomy and physiology and another for anatomic and physiologic the normal anatomy and physiology chapters, it is assumed that the student possesses foundational knowledge of anatomy and physiology; therefore, no supplemental narrative is These chapters have foundational objectives that direct review of the information, principles, and concepts that are essential for Understanding the specific diseases that follow in the next chapter.

6 Chapters five and six depart from the usual normal anatomy and physiology chapter s format. This departure is because inflammation and immunity con-cepts are frequently referenced throughout the following text and Study Guide Each chapter has a practice examination to give students an opportunity to assess their Understanding of chapters on alterations direct the learner s Study of abnormal anatomy and These chapters include 1) foundational objectives for review and 2) learning objectives for Study with narrative, charts, and Each chapter has a practice examination requiring factual and conceptual knowledge related to disease Each chapter includes one or two case studies linking fact and concept to reality that require analysis and objectives for all chapters are referenced to corresponding pages in the fifth edition of Understanding Pathophysiology . Huether and McCance s philosophy that students need to grasp basic laws and principles to understand how alterations occur led them to develop an understandable and conceptually integrated enjoyed working with Mosby, particularly with Charlene Kechum and Jeanne Genz.

7 All of Mosby s staff ensured that my efforts were developed into a creative, professional, and pleasing style for student learners. I wish to dedicate my efforts during the preparation of this Study Guide to students who inspired me to search for a better way to convey information to F. Parkinson PrefaceThis page intentionally left blankix Contents PaRt One Basic cOncePts Of PathOPhysiOlOgyUnit 1 the cell 1. Cellular Biology, 1 2. Genes and Genetic Diseases, 5 3. Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology, 11 4. Fluids and Electrolytes, Acids and Bases, 17 Unit 2 Mechanisms of self-Defense 5. Innate Immunity: Inflammation and Wound Healing, 25 6. Third Line of Defense: Adaptive Immunity, 33 7. Infection and Defects in Mechanisms of Defense, 39 8. Stress and Disease, 47 Unit 3 cellular Proliferation: cancer 9. Biology, Clinical Manifestations, and Treatment of Cancer, 53 10. Cancer Epidemiology, 63 11. Cancer in Children, 69 PaRt tWO BODy systeMs anD DiseasesUnit 4 the neurologic system 12.

8 Structure and Function of the Neurologic System, 73 13. Pain, Temperature, Sleep, and Sensory Function, 77 14. Alterations in Cognitive Systems, Cerebral Hemodynamics and Motor Function, 85 15. Disorders of the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems and the Neuromuscular Junction, 95 16. Alterations of Neurologic Function in Children, 107 Unit 5 the endocrine system 17. Mechanisms of Hormonal Regulation, 113 18. Alterations of Hormonal Regulation, 117 Unit 6 the hematologic system 19. Structure and Function of the Hematologic System, 131 20. Alterations of Hematologic Function, 135 21. Alterations of Hematologic Function in Children, 147 Unit 7 the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems 22. Structure and Function of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems, 153 23. Alterations of Cardiovascular Function, 157 24. Alterations of Cardiovascular Function in Children, 177 Unit 8 the Pulmonary system 25. Structure and Function of the Pulmonary System, 183 26.

9 Alterations of Pulmonary Function, 187 27. Alterations of Pulmonary Function in Children, 199contentsx Contents Unit 9 the Renal and Urologic systems 28. Structure and Function of the Renal and Urologic Systems, 205 29. Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function, 209 30. Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function in Children, 219 Unit 10 the Reproductive systems 31. Structure and Function of the Reproductive Systems, 225 32. Alterations of the Reproductive Systems, Including Sexually Transmitted Infections, 229 Unit 11 the Digestive system 33. Structure and Function of the Digestive System, 243 34. Alterations of Digestive Function, 247 35. Alterations of Digestive Function in Children, 261 Unit 12 the Musculoskeletal and integumentary systems 36. Structure and Function of the Musculoskeletal System, 267 37. Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function, 271 38. Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function in Children, 285 39. Structure, Function, and Disorders of the Integument, 291 40.

10 Alterations of the Integument in Children, 303 Answers to Practice Examinations, 3091 Copyright 2012, 2008, 2004, 2000, 1996 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 1 Cellular Biology SECTION ONE UNITE TITLE OR SECTION TITLEC ellular BiologyUNIT ONE THE CELLFOUNDATIONAL OBJECTIVESA fter reviewing this chapter, the learner will be able to do the following:1. State the functions of a typical eukaryotic pages Describe the structure and function of the nucleus and identify the cytoplasmic page 3; refer to Figures 1-1 and 1-2 and Table Describe the structure and function of the plasma pages 3 and 5-7; refer to Figures 1-3 through 1-5 and Tables 1-2 and Describe cellular pages 7-8; refer to Figure Identify the three mechanisms that bind cells pages 8-9; refer to Figures 1-7 and Describe the primary modes of chemical pages 9, 11, and 13 refer to Figures 1-9 through 1-12 and Table Describe cellular catabolism and the transfer of energy to accomplish other cellular to Figures 1-13 through Differentiate between passive and active transport, between endocytosis and exocytosis, and between phagocytosis and to Figures 1-16 through 1-24 and Table Describe the changes in the plasma membrane that result in an action pages 21-22; refer to Figure 1-25.