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Suitable and unsuitable micro-organisms

The following lists are selected micro - organisms which present minimum risk givengood practice. As a result of changes to thehazard categorisation of certain micro - organisms by the Advisory Committee onDangerous Pathogens (ACDP)1, these tablessupersede the lists found in the CLEAPSSL aboratory Handbook(1992), Microbiology:An HMI Guide for Schools and FurtherEducation(1990), Topics in Safety(1988) andSafety in Science Education(1996). Additionally, the tables include points ofeducational use and interest and comment ongrowing and maintaining the cultures.

Bacterium Bacillus stearothermophilus Bacillus subtilis† Cellulomonas sp. Chromatium species Erwinia carotovora (= E. atroseptica) Escherichia coli†

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Transcription of Suitable and unsuitable micro-organisms

1 The following lists are selected micro - organisms which present minimum risk givengood practice. As a result of changes to thehazard categorisation of certain micro - organisms by the Advisory Committee onDangerous Pathogens (ACDP)1, these tablessupersede the lists found in the CLEAPSSL aboratory Handbook(1992), Microbiology:An HMI Guide for Schools and FurtherEducation(1990), Topics in Safety(1988) andSafety in Science Education(1996). Additionally, the tables include points ofeducational use and interest and comment ongrowing and maintaining the cultures.

2 The listsof micro - organisms are not definitive; otherorganisms may be used if competent advice isobtained2. It should be noted that strains of micro - organisms can differ physiologically andtherefore may not give expected possible, fungi that produce largenumbers of air-borne spores should behandled before sporulation occurs, so that thespread of spores into the air and possiblerisks of allergy or the triggering of asthmaticattacks are minimised. This is particularlyimportant for some genera, such asAspergillusand Penicillium, which producevery large numbers of easily-dispersedspores.

3 It should be noted that certain genera ofthese two fungi, previously listed asunsuitable for use in schools, are now notthought to present such a serious risk tohealth, given good practice in culture Updates to the categories in this list arepublished from time to time and available onlyonline as a standalone publication TheApproved List of Biological Agents. Organisations which can be consultedabout the suitability of micro - organisms :Association for Science Education*; CLEAPSS*; Microbiology in Schools AdvisoryCommittee; National Centre for BiotechnologyEducation; Scottish Schools EquipmentResearch Centre*.

4 (* Members only).See Useful links on resource material, procedures and investigations for practical microbiology for teachers, technicians and students. MiSAC in Schools Advisory Committee, Marlborough House, Basingstoke Road, Spencers Wood, Reading RG7 1AG. E: W: Suitable and unsuitablemicro-organismsBacteriumAcetob acter acetiAgrobacterium tumefaciensAlcaligenes eutrophusAzotobacter vinelandiiBacillus megateriumEducational use/interest/suitabilityOf economic importance in causing spoilage inbeers and wines. Oxidises ethanol to ethanoic(acetic) acid and ultimately to carbon dioxideand crown galls in plants; used as a DNAvector in the genetic modification of the absence of nitrogen, it produces intra-cellular granules of poly- -hydroxybutyrate(PHB); was used in the production ofbiodegradable free-living nitrogen fixer, producing a fluores-cent, water-soluble pigment when grown iniron (Fe)-limited very large cells; produces lipase, pro-tease and also PHB (see Alcaligenes); Gram-positive staining.

5 Ease of use/maintenanceNeeds special medium and very frequent sub-culturing to maintain on nutrient agar, but requires 2-3 days' on nutrient on a nitrogen-free on nutrient stearothermophilusBacillus subtilis Cellulomonas speciesErwinia carotovora (= E. atroseptica)Escherichia coli Janthinobacterium (=Chromobacterium) lividum*Lactobacillus speciesLeuconostoc mesenteroidesMethylophilus methylotrophusMicrococcus luteus (= Sarcina lutea)Photobacterium phosphoreumPseudomonas fluorescensRhizobium leguminosarumRhodopseudomonas palustrisSpirillum serpensStaphylococcus albus (epidermidis)**Streptococcus (= Enterococcus) faecalisStreptococcus (= Lactococcus) lactisEducational use/interest/suitabilityThermophilic species which grows at 65 C;produces lipase and protease.

6 Also used totest the efficiency of autoclaves. General-purpose, Gram-positive bacterium. Produces amylase, lipase and extra-cellular photosynthetic, anaerobic pectinase which causes rotting infruit and vegetables. Useful for studies ofKoch's strain: general-purpose, Gram-negativebacterium. B strain: susceptible to T4 violet colonies. Grows best at glucose and lactose, producing lacticacid; L. bulgaricusis used in the production sucrose to dextran: used as a bloodplasma methanol as energy source; wasused for the production of 'Pruteen' yellow colonies; useful in the isola-tion of the bacterium from impure used to simulate the effects of disinfec-tants, mouthwashes and toothpastes on moreharmful organisms .

7 General-purpose, Gram-positive , aerated cultures show biolu-minescence; grows in saline conditions. Produces a fluorescent pigment in the symbiotic, nitrogen fixer; stimulates the for-mation of nodules on the roots of fixes nitrogen in photosynthetic, anaerobic, red grows aerobically in the morphological general-purpose, Gram-positive bacterium,producing white morphological interest, forming pairs orchains of cocci. Of morphological interest, forming pairs orchains of cocci. Commonly involved in thesouring of milk; also used as a starter culturefor dairy products.

8 Ease of use/maintenanceGrows on nutrient on nutrient on nutrient agar but also used withagar containing special medium and light for on nutrient on nutrient frequent subculture and is best grownon glucose nutrient agar and special medium containing glucoseand yeast extract and frequent subculturing tomaintain special medium as for special medium containing on nutrient a medium containing sodium on nutrient on yeast malt agar; some authoritiesrecommend buffering with chalk to light and a special medium, growingatypically on nutrient grow on nutrient agar but requires veryfrequent subculturing to maintain on nutrient agar with added glucose can be usedbut grows better on special medium, as forLactobacillus.

9 Can grow on nutrient agar with added glu-cose; some authorities recommend bufferingwith chalk to maintain viability. Some strains have been associated with health hazards. Reputable suppliers should ensure that safe strains are provided.* Can be chosen for investigations that once required the use ofChromobacterium violaceum orSerratia marcescens.** This organism has been known to infect debilitated individuals and those taking immuno-suppressive drugs. Some authorities advise against its thermophilusStreptomyces griseusThiobacillus ferrooxidansVibrio natriegens+(= Beneckea natriegens)FungiFungusAgaricus bisporusArmillaria melleaAspergillus nidulans*Aspergillus niger*Aspergillus oryzae*Botrytis cinereaBotrytis fabaeCandida utilisChaetomium globosumCoprinus lagopusEurotium (= Aspergillus) repensFusarium graminearumEducational use/interest/suitabilityFerments glucose and lactose, producing lac-tic acid; used in the production of at 50oC.

10 Responsible for the earthy odour of to form a fungus-like, branching myceli-um with aerial hyphae bearing streptomycin. Involved in the bacterial leaching of sulphur-containing coal. Oxidises iron(II) and bacterial leaching of coal sam-ples containing pyritic sulphur. A halophile, giving very rapid growth. Prone,however, to thermal shock with a sudden dropin temperature. Educational use/interest/suitabilityEdible mushroom; useful for a variety of inves-tigations on factors affecting honey fungus; causes decay of timberand tree stumps.


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