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SURVEY OF PRODUCTIVITY RATES USED

SURVEY OF PRODUCTIVITY RATESUSED FOR HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTIONby SMICHAEL A. , ',A REPORT PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE COMMITTEEOF THE DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING INPARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTSFOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ENGINEERING' OF FLORIDASUMMER 1988~JJi-. ,'" V U V' *t a" ----- -- aI' , .a .m t~mm, -To Susan, for her enduring support and FarNTIS GRA&IDTIC TABU nannouncedJ stifie t 0 Distribut ion/Availabil ity CodesAvail and/or-Dist TV ..d- 4,IIIp 1 The p-ri purpose of this paper was to report ona SURVEY conducted by the University of Florida for theFlorida Department of Transportation (FDOT). Thesurvey analyzed the PRODUCTIVITY RATES used by the FDOTto determine contract duration with respect to highway Sconstruction contracts. The SURVEY also reported onsome of the factors that affect questionnaire was sent to each FDOT ResidentEngineer to SURVEY the current PRODUCTIVITY RATES thatare being achieved by contractors.

survey of productivity rates used for highway construction by s michael a. harber.., ', a report presented to the graduate committee of the department of civil engineering in

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Transcription of SURVEY OF PRODUCTIVITY RATES USED

1 SURVEY OF PRODUCTIVITY RATESUSED FOR HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTIONby SMICHAEL A. , ',A REPORT PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE COMMITTEEOF THE DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING INPARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTSFOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ENGINEERING' OF FLORIDASUMMER 1988~JJi-. ,'" V U V' *t a" ----- -- aI' , .a .m t~mm, -To Susan, for her enduring support and FarNTIS GRA&IDTIC TABU nannouncedJ stifie t 0 Distribut ion/Availabil ity CodesAvail and/or-Dist TV ..d- 4,IIIp 1 The p-ri purpose of this paper was to report ona SURVEY conducted by the University of Florida for theFlorida Department of Transportation (FDOT). Thesurvey analyzed the PRODUCTIVITY RATES used by the FDOTto determine contract duration with respect to highway Sconstruction contracts. The SURVEY also reported onsome of the factors that affect questionnaire was sent to each FDOT ResidentEngineer to SURVEY the current PRODUCTIVITY RATES thatare being achieved by contractors.

2 The contractorproductivity RATES where then compared to the current* PRODUCTIVITY RATES used by the FDOT, and recommendedchanges are included in this paper are discussionsconcerning the importance of PRODUCTIVITY in theconstruction industry, and the importance of usingproductivity to estimate contract duration and ,construction ~%n v. n = 1 i .. 5. u.* n n ,STABLE OF ..LIST OF FIGURES..LIST OF TABLES ..viCHAP TER1. Introduction ..1A. Background..1C. History..2D. Decline of PRODUCTIVITY ..5E. Definition of PRODUCTIVITY ..10F. Related PRODUCTIVITY Terms..122. Using PRODUCTIVITY ..14A. Measuring PRODUCTIVITY ..14B. Estimating..18 WC. Scheduling..21'pI~3. University Of Florida SURVEY of FloridaDepartment Of TransportationProductivity RATES ..24Cr A. Introduction..24B. The UF SURVEY ..25C. PRODUCTIVITY Factors used In TheUF SURVEY ..29D. Analysis Of SURVEY Results..31I S4. University Of Florida SURVEY ResultsCompared To Other Studies.

3 96A. Introduction .. 96B. Summary Of Surveys .. 965. Summary And Conclusions .. 124A. Summary..124B. Conclusions ..125 APPENDIXA. Sample Of UF SURVEY Questionnaire ..127 REFERENCES ..147 SUPPLEMENTAL BIBLIOGRAPHY.. 149Vg 1ivV,LIST OF FIGURES ' 1986 PRODUCTIVITY Increases For Industries .. Project Participants .. Reasons For Nonproductive Time In The Construction Industry .. UF SURVEY Questionnaire Project GeneralInformation Sheet .. UF SURVEY Questionnaire FieldObservation Work Activity Sheet .. Project Factors Percent Effect OnProductivity .. Work Activity Factors Percent EffectOn PRODUCTIVITY .. 40". INvLIST OF Summary Of PRODUCTIVITY RatesUniversity Of Florida SURVEY .. Current FDOT Production RATES .. UF SURVEY Clearing And Grubbing .. UF SURVEY Excavation .. UF SURVEY Stabilizing .. UF SURVEY Base Construction .. UF SURVEY Surface Treatment .. UF SURVEY Concrete Pavement.

4 UF SURVEY Milling Existing Pavement .. UF SURVEY Plant Mix Surface StructuralCourse .. UF SURVEY Storm Sewers .. UF SURVEY Curb And Gutter ..72 UF SURVEY Sidewalk .. UF SURVEY Seed And Mulch .. UF SURVEY Sod .. UF SURVEY Guardrail .. UF SURVEY Reflective Pavement Markers UF SURVEY Breaking And Compacting ,Concrete .. UF SURVEY Compression Seal Replacement Combined SURVEY Summary .. Recommended PRODUCTIVITY RATES For FDOT 120 vi Sq'.I NTRODUCTI ON _" ILA. is the worlds largest and one of the ..most challenging industries. In the United States theconstruction industry is the largest industry in termsof dollar volume, number of persons employed, andcontributions to the gross national product (GNP). The Aconstruction industry employees over 10% of the workforce and contributes over 10% of the GNP. This 300billion dollar-plus industry Is highly fragmented anddiversified with the contractors ranging from a fewgiants who employ thousands of people to the majorityof contractors that employ less than 10 plays an important role in theconstruction industry.

5 An increase or decrease inproductivity affects every aspect of our daily lives. SProductivity contributes to our standard of living, thenation's economy, and sets the direction of our Objective..The objective of this report is two fold. First, PRODUCTIVITY will be discussed in general terms withrespect to the construction industry. ProductivityJ .,.4- ' ~ ~ .M~~i4. P. 4. -4.~*~. -4 ~ ~V \. V -S* be defined, and attention will be given towardsqthe importance of using PRODUCTIVITY to determine Scontract duration and estimating contract costs onconstruction contracts. The second objective of thisreport will be a case study which reports on aUniversity of Florida SURVEY conducted for the FloridaDepartment of Transportation (FDOT). The study surveyedthe PRODUCTIVITY RATES used by the FDOT to determine Scontract duration with respect to highway constructioncontracts. An analysis of this data will be conducted,and recommendations will be provided to assist the FDOT Swith determining contract time on highway History.

6 IThe analysis and concern of constructionproductivity in the late 20th century is nothing survival of early civilizations depended on howeffective it obtained and used its resources. From4000 to 100 B. C. architecture and constructionflourished. Great temples were built in Sumer,Pyramids were built in Egypt, and the Greek Pantheonwas built in Greece. The construction of the pyramids S-,.were some of the greatest structures ever is not known how the pyramids were constructed, butit has been reported that 100,000 workers were used . Se, It required planning, organizing, and controlling of2'WINthe manpower and available resources to buildstructures of this magnitude. The development ofmanagement skills and the technique of keeping awritten record were essential for the construction ofthese early management invented by the Sumerians andEgyptians, and refined by the Greeks was furtherdeveloped by the Romans with the use of Jobdescriptions and specifications.

7 The Job descriptionsallowed for the division of labor which createdexperienced and more efficient The next major advancement in constructionproductivity came at the beginning of the industrialrevolution with the invention of the mechanical clocks were used for time studies. Time studies 4we7, not new; however, without an accurate method formeasuring time it was hard to compare and develop atime study that had any significance. Throughout theindustrial revolution management techniques improvedand time studies advanced. Some early pioneers in PRODUCTIVITY measurement and improvement are FredrichTaylor from the late 1800's, and Frank Gilbreth, who in1909 published a book of bricklaying systems. Gilbrethpioneered the application of motion study to increaseproductivity in the construction industry. Alsoduring this time period Henry Gantt made four "4L* ,*. ~ * 4 4 4 *j ~contributions to scientific management which had amajor affect on the construction industry.

8 They are:1. The well known Gantt Bar chart,2. A task and bonus plan that guaranteed a dailywage for output less than standard,3. A policy of instructing workers rather thandriving them. This policy was presented in1908 and was clearly ahead of its time. It 0was not until after World War I thatmanagement accepted that training of workerswas their responsibility,4. Introduction of the concept of industrialresponsibility, with service as the ultimategoal rather than more recent times the development of thecomputer has enabled managers to schedule contracts andtrack PRODUCTIVITY data more efficiently. The computerallows construction companies to integrate theestimating, scheduling, and cost control functions oftheir Often, and particularly in larger -firms, the individuals assigned to these three tasks donot communicate with each other. This independenceresults in duplication of effort, lack of coordination,and a negative effect on overall PRODUCTIVITY .

9 Thethree functions are closely related and work mostproductively as a system. The computer has also made 5scheduling complicated projects easier with the '4.~~v* ~ ~ *..'S --W W W .--V -'R .5r ni vL %0computer programs that are available to constructioncompanies. Probably the most common use of thecomputer is for tracking cost control functions. Thesefunctions include:41. Faster and easier accounting audits,2. More accurate information about job costs,equipment costs, cash flow, etc., p3. Accurate Job-site and company operating 0 Information,4. Quicker and more economical preparation ofrequired reports, W-2's,etc., S5. Efficient month-end, and year-end Special reports and analysis on computer provides the construction manager with upVto date PRODUCTIVITY data. This quick access toinformation allows the manager to make prompt decisions affecting PRODUCTIVITY in a positive Decline of PRODUCTIVITY .

10 Most of the PRODUCTIVITY studies in the early 20thcentury were conducted on constiuction activities;however, it seems that the results of the studies have"N been more successfully applied to the manufacturingindustry. From 1909 to 1952, manufacturingproductivity per man-hour increased times faster 0than construction PRODUCTIVITY . (I* ., 2 ..,. uy * ' , % % --, 1960 to 1973 the rise in industrialproductivity in the United States was percent whileother countries had double or more the annual rate ofthe increase. In the last 10 years the industrialproductivity has dipped even lower and has maintainedonly a percent annual increase. The increases in PRODUCTIVITY is even lower. It has beenincreasing at a rate of less than percent a construction industry has been consistently ratedthe worst in terms of increased 1986 the Department of Commerce published 0a list of PRODUCTIVITY increases for various industries(figure ).)


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