Sustainable Land Management in - ELD Initiative

1 ISustainable land Management in Dry Lands of KenyaSustainable LandManagement in Dry Lands of KenyaImproving land Productivity through Participatory Research and Technology TransferEdited byZeinabu KhalifCharles KK GachenePatrick GicheruDavid Mwehia MburuChristopher Gatama GakahuNairobi, Kenya United Nations Development Programme - Kenya 2015 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transimitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical or photocopying, recording, or otherwise the prior permission of the views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of the United Nations, including its Member States and the United Nations Development 978 9966 1805 5 1 ContentsAbout the editors ixForeword xiAcknowledgement xiiiList of Abbreviations and Acronyms xivINTRODUCTION xviiSustainable land Management in the Dry Lands of Kenya: Issues and Challenges: The SLM Project: An Overview Zeinabu KhalifTHEME I RESOURCE INVENTORY ON Sustainable land Management .

2 CASE STUDIESCHAPTER 1 1 The Disappearing Forest: A Case Study of Trends in land Use and land Cover Change of the Threatened Lower Tana River Forest Complex, Coastal KenyaCKK. Gachene, VM Kathumo, JJ Okello, M Ngige and M Miruka CHAPTER 2 13Is Lower Tana River Forest Complex and Ecosystem Under Threat of Total Destruction? Evidence from Participatory GISK athumo VM, Gachene CKK, Okello JJ, Ngigi M and Miruka M CHAPTER 3 35 Participatory Geographic Information Systems (PGIS) for Sustainable Natural Resource Management : The Case Study of Taita Taveta County, Southern KenyaMbau JS, Nyangito MM, Gachene CKK, Kathumo V and Worden J CHAPTER 4 55A Multi- stakeholder Decision Support Tool for Optimizing Sustainable land Management Technologies: A case Study of the Upper Tana Catchment, KenyaKahiga PM, Gathenya JM, Home PG, Wamuongo JW, Namirembe S and Kosi NO viTHEME II ENHANCING DRY land CROPPING THROUGH UPSCALING OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION TECHNOLOGIESCHAPTER 5 85 Factors that Influence Adoption of Soil and Water Conservation Technologies at Kathekakai Location, Machakos CountyGachene CKK, Baaru MW, Gathaara V and Onwonga R CHAPTER 6 107 Assessing and Monitoring Potential Agricultural Crop Production for Improved Food Security in Machakos CountyEunice W.

3 Mwangi and Charles N. Mundia CHAPTER 7 121 Tillage and Cropping Effects on Soil Water Dynamics and Crop Yieldsin Mwala District, KenyaAnne Karuma, Peter Mtakwa, Nyambilila Amuri, Charles K. Gachene & Patrick Gicheru CHAPTER 8 143 Effect of Tillage and Leguminous Trees on Soil Organic Carbon and Infiltration Rates in the Semi-arid Region of Kibwezi, Eastern KenyaChester Kalinda, Jonathan Muriuki, David Mburu, Kamau Ngamau, John Kihoro, AlexOdour, Kipruto Cherogony, Maimbo Malesu Exildah Chisha-Kasumu, Royd Vinya CHAPTER 9 161 Spatial Modeling of Sorghum growing areas in Kenyan Arid andSemi-arid LandsCharles K. Kigen, Dennis, M. W. Ochieno, John. O. Muoma, William A. Shivoga, Martha Konje, Zedekiah Onyando, Benard C. Soi, Stanley M. Makindi, Philip Kisoyan and John M. Mironga CHAPTER 10 175 Adoption of Water Conservation under Fluctuating Rainfall Regimesin Ngaciuma/Kinyaritha Watershed, Meru County, KenyaMutuma E, Mahiri O , Murimi S viiTHEME III ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE AND VARIABILITY IN AGROPASTORAL PRODUCTION SYSTEMSCHAPTER 11 189 Enhancing Resilience to Climate Change in Agro-pastoral Production Systems: Lessons from the Kenya Climate Change Action Plan Development ProcessOtieno Z, Gakahu CG, Ranja T CHAPTER 12 213 Adapting Rain-fed Agriculture to Climate Change: An Overview of Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.))

4 Moench) and Cowpea Production inAgro-Pastoral Areas of Eastern KenyaNjeru PNM, Mugwe J, Maina I, Mucheru-Muna M, Mugendi D, Lekasi, JK,Kimani SK. CHAPTER 13 229 Strategies Used by Women to Adapt to the Effects of Climate Changein Mwala Division, Machakos County, KenyaKaraya Rebecca Njoki, Onyango Christopher Assa and Amudavi David Mulama CHAPTER 14 253 Effects of Climate Change and Coping Strategies in Isiolo County: The case of the Borana Pastoral WomenAnastasia W. Kagunyu and Joseph G. Wanjohi CHAPTER 15 265 Adaptation to Climate Change and Variability in Agro-PastoralProduction Systems: The EcoVillage ConceptKithinji Njagi Joseph THEME IV REHABILITATION OF DEGRADED LANDS THROUGH AFFORESTRATION, AGROFORESTRY AND NATURAL REGENERATIONCHAPTER 16 275 Impact of Enclosures on Range Condition and Trend in the Semi-Arid Rangeland of Lake Baringo Basin, KenyaMureithi SM, Njoka JT, Gachene CKK, Kamande PN, Van Ranst E, Verdoodt Aand Meyerhoff E viiiCHAPTER 17 295 Management of Prosopis (Prosopis spp.

5 To Enhance NaturalRegeneration in Northern KenyaKigomo JN, Muriithi SN, Macharia E, Waweru S THEME V POLICY AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORKS SUPPORTIVE OF SLMCHAPTER 18 313 Enhancing Sustainable land Management in Kenya through Policyand FinancingKiremu Mercy Kangai, Mureu Lucy Kirigo, James Kinyua Mutegi, GeoffreyMwangi Wahungu CHAPTER 19 - Khalif et al. 327 Conclusions and RecommendationsZeinabu Khalif, Charles KK Gachene, Patrick Gicheru, David Mwehia Mburu ,Christopher Gatama Gakahu, Leonard Odini ixAbout the Editors Zeinabu Khalif is a Programme Analyst for Environment, Energy and Climate Change Unit, UNDP Kenya and formally the National Project Manager for Mainstreaming Sustainable land Management in Agro-pastoral Production Systems of Kenya project (SLM). She holds PhD in Development Studies from Norwegian University of Life Sciences (UMB), Norway and MSc in Project Planning and Management from University of Bradford.

6 She has a vast experience in programme development and Management drawn from working with United Nations and Non-Governmental Organizations. She has a special interest in livelihoods and natural resource KK Gachene is currently an Associate Professor in Soil Science, Department of land Resource Management and Agricultural Technology, University of Nairobi. He has a bias towards soil and water Management . He is a member of several professional organizations, has published widely in refereed journals and reference manuals for farmers and extension staff in eastern Africa region. He is a holder of BSc and MSc in Soil Science, University of Nairobi, PhD in Soil science (Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Sweden) and International Diploma at Professional Level in Project Management , University of Gicheru is a Chief Research Scientist and holds PhD in land and Water Management . He is currently the Director of the National Agricultural Research Laboratories of Kenya Agricultural Research Institute.

7 He has an extensive experience in natural resource Management with a bias in Sustainable land Management and environmental impacts on agricultural land use spanning over 25 years. His current research focuses on land and water Management linking it with natural resource Management and land use planning. He has also been involved in green water credits issue and payment of environmental services, land degradation, climatic change and how they impact on carbon stocks nationally and internationally. He has published widely in refereed journals and has written several book Mwehia Mburu is currently the Dean, Faculty of Agriculture at Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology (JKUAT) where he has worked since 1990. Prior to joining JKUAT he worked for twelve years with xthe Ministry of Agriculture as District Agricultural Officer. He holds BSc degree in Agriculture, Postgraduate diploma in soil and water conservation and MSc in Agricultural Engineering from the University of Nairobi and PhD in Agricultural Engineering from JKUAT.

8 His field of specialization is in soil and water Management and environmental conservation. He has written journal articles and conference papers. He has done several consultancies for national and international organizations. Christopher Gatama Gakahu is currently a principal consultant with Oikos Africa Environment Services Ltd. a firm and a centre of excellence dedicated to offering professional services in Sustainable development, policy advocacy and programming in areas of energy, environment and natural resources and in climate change mitigation and adaptation. Prior to that he was the Assistant Country Director in charge of programmes in United Nations Development Programme in Kenya where he doubled as the Energy, Environment and Natural Resources advisor and team leader for 15 years. Prior to joining the United Nations he worked as researcher and biodiversity advisor at Wildlife Conservation International (WCI) and the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), after a ten years academic tenure at University of Nairobi and Moi University in Kenya.

9 He holds a BSc and PhD in Zoology (Biology of Conservation) from University of Nairobi. He has also undertaken post-doctoral studies at the Aberdeen University in UK, and at Griffith University in Australia. He has published widely and also edited several books. xiForeword The increasing degradation of ecosystems and the growing impacts of climate change urgently call for a change in the way we manage our natural resources. Without drastic changes in the way Kenya uses her land , the country will not be able to sustain both subsistence and national economies. Experts warn of the collapse of entire ecosystems and landscapes at current levels of degradation exacerbated by climate change. If the current condition continues unabated, there will be less food and clean water, and ultimately, significantly worse conditions for the nation s poorest people. Expanding human needs, services and resources from land is creating competition and conflicts that contributes to more land degradation.

10 To meet the increasing human needs in a Sustainable manner, a more effective and efficient utilization of land and land resources must be found. This will require review of policies related to land Management together with supporting integration and mainstreaming of Sustainable land Management (SLM) into national planning processes and implementing land Management approaches, techniques and technologies. The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) helps Kenya strengthen capacity to address land degradation challenges at national and community levels. This is realized through promoting technologies and innovations, sharing best practices, providing policy advice and linking partners through projects such us Mainstreaming SLM in Agro-pastoral Production Systems of Kenya that help communities build Sustainable and resilient and contemporary researches in Kenya have generated substantive knowledge on possible causes of land degradation and also made proposals on approaches and practices for Sustainable land Management .