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TACKLING CLIMATE CHANGE THROUGH LIVESTOCK

A globAl Assessment of emissions And mitigAtion opportunitiesTACKLING CLIMATE CHANGE THROUGH LIVESTOCKtAckling CLIMATE CHANGE THROUGH livestockFood and agriculture organization oF the united nationsrome, 2013 TACKLING CLIMATE CHANGE THROUGH liVestocKA GLObAL AssEssMENT Of EMIssIONs ANd MITIGATION OppORTUNITIEsRecommended citationGerber, , Steinfeld, H., Henderson, B., Mottet, A., Opio, C., Dijkman, J., Falcucci, A. & Tempio, G. 2013. TACKLING CLIMATE CHANGE THROUGH LIVESTOCK A global assessment of emissions and mitigation opportunities. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), creditsCover and page 15: @SIE-MasterfilePage 1: @FAO/Giulio NapolitanoPage 5: @FAO/Noah SeelamPage 23: @FAO/Giulio Napolitano, Vasily Maximov, Jim Holmes, Florita Botts, Tariq TinazayPage 45: 59: @FAO/Ishara KodikaraPage 83: @International Telecommunication UnionThe designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.

the Mitigation of Climate Change in Agriculture (MICCA) programme. The report was written by the following FAO staff members: Pierre Gerber, Henning Steinfeld, Benjamin Henderson, Anne Mottet, Carolyn Opio, Jeroen Dijkman, Ales-sandra Falcucci and Giuseppe Tempio. The research team included Benjamin Henderson, Michael MacLeod, Anne Mottet,

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Transcription of TACKLING CLIMATE CHANGE THROUGH LIVESTOCK

1 A globAl Assessment of emissions And mitigAtion opportunitiesTACKLING CLIMATE CHANGE THROUGH LIVESTOCKtAckling CLIMATE CHANGE THROUGH livestockFood and agriculture organization oF the united nationsrome, 2013 TACKLING CLIMATE CHANGE THROUGH liVestocKA GLObAL AssEssMENT Of EMIssIONs ANd MITIGATION OppORTUNITIEsRecommended citationGerber, , Steinfeld, H., Henderson, B., Mottet, A., Opio, C., Dijkman, J., Falcucci, A. & Tempio, G. 2013. TACKLING CLIMATE CHANGE THROUGH LIVESTOCK A global assessment of emissions and mitigation opportunities. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), creditsCover and page 15: @SIE-MasterfilePage 1: @FAO/Giulio NapolitanoPage 5: @FAO/Noah SeelamPage 23: @FAO/Giulio Napolitano, Vasily Maximov, Jim Holmes, Florita Botts, Tariq TinazayPage 45: 59: @FAO/Ishara KodikaraPage 83: @International Telecommunication UnionThe designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.

2 The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not views expressed in this information product are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of 978-92-5-107920-1 (print)E-ISBN 978-92-5-107921-8 (PDF) FAO 2013 FAO encourages the use, reproduction and dissemination of material in this information product. Except where otherwise indicated, material may be copied, downloaded and printed for private study, research and teaching purposes, or for use in non-commercial products or services, provided that appropriate acknowledgement of FAO as the source and copyright holder is given and that FAO s endorsement of users views, products or services is not implied in any requests for translation and adaptation rights, and for resale and other commercial use rights should be made via or addressed to information products are available on the FAO website ( )

3 And can be purchased THROUGH of ContentsForeword ixAcknowledgements xiOverview xiiAbbreviations and acronyms xviGlossary xviii1. Introduction 12. Methods Introduction Global LIVESTOCK Environmental Assessment Model (GLEAM) Modelling carbon sequestration potential in grasslands 113. The aggregate picture Overall emissions Emissions by species and commodities Main sources of emissions Emissions by regions 214. Emissions by species Cattle Buffalo Small ruminants (sheep and goats) Pig Chicken Cross-cutting observations 405.

4 Scope for mitigation Mitigation potential Carbon sequestration Potential by main geographical areas 53iv6. Mitigation in practice: case studies Dairy cattle production in South Asia Intensive pig production in East and Southeast Asia Specialized beef production in South America Small ruminant production in West Africa Dairy production in OECD countries Potential for productivity gains 797. Implications for policy-making A brief description of mitigation policy approaches Targeting of mitigation policies Main mitigation strategies and their policy requirements Existing policy frameworks for mitigation THROUGH LIVESTOCK Conclusions 99 APPENDIX Supplementary information on methods 103 References 109vLIST of TabLES1. Sources of GHG emissions considered in this assessment 72. Summary of ruminant production systems 83. Summary of pig production systems 84.

5 Summary of chicken production systems 95. Global production, emissions and emission intensity for cattle milk and beef 246. Global production, emissions and emission intensity for buffalo milk and meat 277. Global production, emissions and emission intensity for small ruminants 328. Global production, emissions and emission intensity for pigs 359. Global production, emissions and emission intensity for chickens 3810. Estimates of emission reduction potential based on the analysis of emission intensity gap 5111. Mitigation estimates computed for mixed dairy cattle systems of South Asia 6212. Mitigation estimates computed for intermediate and industrial pig production in East and Southeast Asia 6813. Mitigation estimates computed for specialized beef production in South America 7214. Mitigation estimates computed for the small ruminant sector in West Africa 7315. Mitigation estimates computed for mixed dairy systems in OECD countries 8016. Effect of maintaining animal numbers constant on the production and emission volumes estimated in four case studies 81viLIST of boxES1.

6 Main emission pathways 202. A review of available techniques and practices to mitigate non-CO2 emissions 483. Estimating mitigation potential THROUGH analysis of the emission intensity gap 524. Main emission reduction strategies 845. Brazil s NAMA and progress in its LIVESTOCK sector 95viiLIST of fIguRES1. Overview of the GLEAM modules and computation flows 62. Global estimates of emissions by species 163. Global emission intensities by commodity 164. Global emissions from LIVESTOCK supply chains by category of emissions 175. GHG emissions from global LIVESTOCK supply chains, by production activities and products 186. Global LIVESTOCK production and GHG emissions from LIVESTOCK , by commodity and regions 217. Global emissions from cattle milk and beef supply chains, by category of emissions 248. Regional variation in beef production and GHG emission intensities 259.

7 Regional variation in cattle milk production and GHG emission intensities 2610. Global flows of emissions in cattle supply chains 2811. Global emissions from buffalo milk and meat supply chains, by category of emissions 3012. Regional variation in buffalo milk production and GHG emission intensities 3013. Regional variation in buffalo meat production and GHG emission intensities 3114. Global emissions from small ruminant milk and meat supply chains, by category of emissions 3215. Regional variation in small ruminant milk production and GHG emission intensities 3316. Regional variation in small ruminant meat production and GHG emission intensities 3417. Emissions per kg meat and milk protein from small ruminants, with and without allocation of emissions to non-edible outputs 3418. Global emissions from pig supply chains, by category of emissions 3519. Regional variation in pork production and GHG emission intensities 3620. Global emissions from chicken meat and egg supply chains, by category of emissions 37viii21.

8 Regional variation in chicken meat production and GHG emission intensities 3822. Regional variation in chicken egg production and GHG emission intensities 3923. Relationship between productivity and emission intensity of milk (country averages) 4224. Global emission intensity from pig supply chains, by main production systems 4325. Example of emission intensity gap distribution of broiler production units in GLEAM according to their emission intensity in temperate zones of East and Southeast Asia 4626. Example of emission intensity gap distribution of dairy cattle production units in GLEAM according to their emission intensity in mixed systems in temperate zones of Western Europe 4727A. Emission intensity per unit of edible protein 5427B. Emission intensity per unit of land area 5527C. Emission intensity per unit of human population 5628. Interactions between trends in LIVESTOCK production, GHG emissions and mitigation efforts 101ixforewordIt is easy to draw a dramatic picture of today s world.

9 CLIMATE CHANGE , the most serious environmental challenge humanity has to face, is threatening the well-being of the next generation. Globalization has led to rapid economic, social and technological changes that have left too many behind. Hunger is still a persistent problem, affecting over 900 million human beings worldwide. Faced with these issues, we sometimes feel over-whelmed by their magnitude and powerless. But we need not despair. Difficult problems can be tackled for the benefit of many if we apply the right policies that support the required innovation and investment. We have known for several years that LIVESTOCK supply chains are an important con-tributor to CLIMATE CHANGE . This new report shows that the potential to significantly reduce emissions exists and is within reach. Options are available for all species, systems and regions. But we need political will and better policies. The report provides much-needed data that will allow us to move forward.

10 It pre-sents an evidence-based picture of emissions with data broken down by species, agro-ecological zones, regions and production systems. The breadth of information provided by this report and the two complementary technical reports1 reflect the vast diversity of the LIVESTOCK detailed understanding of the magnitude, sources and pathways of emissions is es-sential to inform policy dialogue and avoid oversimplifications. It will help us to make more informed choices about LIVESTOCK policies in support of sustainable food produc-tion, economic growth and poverty alleviation. This report identifies ways of reducing emissions by assessing the mitigation potential of sets of technologies. Such analysis provides guidance for local and system-specific solutions, as sector actors seek to improve sustainability and viability, but also for more targeted pro-poor LIVESTOCK work of the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO) in as-sessing the environmental impact of LIVESTOCK production (of which this report forms part) has triggered the interest and support of multiple partners engaging with FAO to improve data and analysis.