Technical White Paper - Memblaze

1 MemSpeed & MemSolid Technical White Paper An In-depth Look at Consistent High Performance and Reliability Memblaze PBlaze5 Technical White Paper | MemSolid & MemSpeed Beijing Memblaze Technology Co., Ltd. 2 Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 6 INDUSTRY TREND 6 PCIe SSD - Mainstream in Data Center Applications 6 Outstanding performance removes I/O bottleneck that plagues modern-day data centers 6 PCIe SSD is more economical than traditional storage technologies 7 Higher revenue proportion with PCIe SSD 7 NVMeTM SSD is the Future 7 SSD standard evolution in enterprise market 7 NVMe benefits 8 Why New Generation PBlaze5

2 Chooses 3D NAND? 9 Larger capacity, NAND reliability and cost optimization 9 Mainly evolutions on NAND, capacity, performance and features of PBlaze5 10 OPTIMIZING PERFORMANCE WITH MEMSPEED 11 Multi-Plane Operation 11 A brief introduction to NAND inside 11 Simultaneously program multi-plane to improve performance 11 Multi-core Computing 13 Achieving energy-efficient performance with multiple processor cores 13 New flash channel cores realize full flexibility to support NAND with advanced features 13 Memblaze PBlaze5 Technical White Paper | MemSolid & MemSpeed Beijing Memblaze Technology Co., Ltd. 3 Hardware Multi-Q 13 Why adopts hardware multi-Q?

3 13 How does multi-Q work? 13 Adaptive Smooth Technology 15 What is Latency Jitter ? QoS? 15 Negative feedback like adaptive smooth technology 15 Flash Channel QoS 15 Ensure QoS via priority scheduling 15 Further reduce read latency by implementing Priority Queue Management 16 High Performance FTL 17 What is FTL? 17 Improve performance and wear Leveling with global FTL 17 TRIM 17 Improve write performance and endurance 17 PROVEN DATA RELIABILITY WITH MEMSOLID 19 Strong Error Correcting Code - LDPC 20 Why LDPC? 20 Powerful soft-decision decoding LDPC 20 LDPC in NAND 21 Full Data Path Protection 21 Full Data Path Protection 21 Data Path End-to-End Protection 22 Unavoidability silent data error & uncorrectable data error 22 Data Path End-to-End Protection against silent data corruption 22 Enhanced Power Failure Protection 23 Why requires power failure protection on SSD?

4 23 Enhanced power failure protection on PBlaze5 with capacitor health monitor 23 Further ensure data integrity via Erase Cancellation 24 PCI Express ECRC Protection 25 Understanding PCIe Link 25 ECRC generation and ECRC check at transaction layer 25 Metadata Protection 26 High write speed and endurance of pSLC mode 26 Multi-copy for redundancy 27 RAID Protection 27 Memblaze PBlaze5 Technical White Paper | MemSolid & MemSpeed Beijing Memblaze Technology Co., Ltd. 4 Guarantee high data reliability with dynamic RAID5 protection among dies 27 Read Retry 28 Why Read Retry is required?

5 28 Read Level Self-Calibration 28 Read Disturb Protection 29 What is Read Disturb? 29 Move frequently accessed data with dynamical read count threshold setting 29 Program Disturb Protection 30 What is Program Disturb? 30 Randomization to realize program protection 30 Data Retention Enhanced 30 P/E, temperature influence on flash Data Retention 30 Move data has not accessed for a certain time to enhance Data Retention 31 Fast Recovery 31 Shortening the system recovery time with on-demand recovery 31 High Temperature Protection 32 Dynamical thermal monitoring and throttling 32 Wear leveling 33 Evenly spread hot data with dynamic wear leveling 33 Moves stale cold data by static wear leveling 33 34 Self-Monitoring, Analysis and Reporting Technology 34 Standard SMART attributes 34 PBLAZE5 PROVIDES RICH ENTERPRISE-LEVEL FEATURES 35 Whole Disk Encryption with AES-XTS 256-bit 35 Superior data protection with AES-XTS 35 How does AES-XTS work?

6 36 Crypto erase 37 More secure guard with Cryptographic Erase 37 Firmware Signature 37 Firmware signature to avoid malicious tampering and attackers 37 Dual Port (Only for ) 38 Redundancy link delivers high availability 38 Multiple namespace 38 Memblaze PBlaze5 Technical White Paper | MemSolid & MemSpeed Beijing Memblaze Technology Co., Ltd. 5 Flexible utilization of multiple namespace 38 Flexible Power Management 39 Selectable power model for temperature control ecosystem 39 SUMMARY 40 REFERENCE 41 CONTRIBUTION 42 REVISION HISTORY 42 ABOUT Memblaze 43 Memblaze PBlaze5 Technical White Paper | MemSolid & MemSpeed Beijing Memblaze Technology Co.

7 , Ltd. 6 Executive Summary There are a number of workloads that require increased performance, both in terms of higher IOPS and consistent low latency to read and write data, such as Online Transaction Processing (OLTP), Online Analytical Processing (OLAP), High Performance Computing (HPC), Cloud/hyper scale computing, Virtualized computing. As a result, SSDs are becoming a vital part of today's datacenter infrastructure as a mechanism to store and access the growing amount of data more quickly and efficiently.

8 Besides the high performance, in some applications, for example e-commerce, data protection is treated critical important. As the data error or corruption may result in incorrect orders, sensitive or confidential information leakage when sending over via internet or attacked by hackers. Thus, comprehensive data protection technology is required to implement in different level on enterprise-class Solid State Drive. PBlaze5 is Memblaze s 5th generation Enterprise-level Solid State Drive series which fully compliant with standard, adopts industry-leading 3D NAND and provides larger capacity up to 11 TB, comes in both HHHL and form factor for data center and enterprise applications.

9 Coupled with MemSpeed and MemSolid technologies set, unleash Memblaze PBlaze5 - NVMeTM based Enterprise-class SSD to provide consistent superior IOPS, throughput, sustained low latency, variety of features and indispensable reliability for the most demanding data center applications. This Paper will help to lay down some of the industry trends, find out why Memblaze PBlaze5 can show such outstanding performance and share approaches implemented on PBlaze5 to minimize the pervasive data corruption risk and heighten the user experience. Industry Trend PCIe SSD - Mainstream in Data Center Applications Outstanding performance removes I/O bottleneck that plagues modern-day data centers There is no doubt an SSD has more advantages over a mechanical hard disk drive (HDD).

10 Especially for the PCIe SSD, with more than hundreds of times, even thousands of times of random read/write IOPS shocks and conquests the enterprise users. Comparing with SATA SSD, PCIe SSD achieves ten times the performance at a distinct advantage. 7500011500210250 Random ReadRandom WriteRandom 4K IOPS1320x652000 LatencyLatency ( s)15K RPM HHDSATA SSDM emblaze PBlaze5 PCIe SSD1/31/100 IOPS (Read/Write)13/28times than SATA SSD4760/1320times than 15K HDDB andwidth (Read/Write)8/7times than SATA SSD 16/14 times than 15 KHDDL atency1/3of SATA SSD1/100of 15K HDD* PCIeSSD has higher IOPS, higher throughput and lower latencyFrom Memblaze13x28x4760x500450250250 Sequential ReadSequential WriteSequential Throughput (MB/s)7x8x14x16x Memblaze PBlaze5 PCIe SSD Performance VS SATA SSD & 15K RPM HHD MemSpeed is particular set of technologies for performance enhancement MemSolid is particular set of technologies for reliability and security enhancement Memblaze PBlaze5 Technical White Paper | MemSolid & MemSpeed Beijing Memblaze Technology Co.