THE APARTHEID CITY AND BEYOND - Stellenbosch …

1 THE APARTHEID city AND BEYONDA partheid as legislated racial separation substantially changed the SouthAfrican urban scene. Race group areas remodelled the cities, while thecreation of homelands , mini-states and the pass laws controllingpopulation migration constrained urbanization the mid-1980s the old system-having proved economically inefficientand politically divisive was replaced by a new policy of orderlyurbanization . This sought to accelerate industrialization and culturalchange by relaxing the constraints on urbanization imposed by stateplanning. The result: further political instability and a quarter of the black(or African) population housed in shanty between the nationalist government and the AfricanNational Congress are working towards the end of the old apartheidsystem.

2 Yet the negation of APARTHEID is only the beginning of the creationof a new vested interests and entrenched ideologies behind the existingpattern of property ownership survive the abolition of APARTHEID race, class and ethnicity will continue to divide urban life. If thecities of South Africa are to serve all the people, the accelerating process ofurbanization must be brought under control and harnessed to a contributors to this volume draw on a broad range of experienceand disciplines to present a variety of perspectives on urban South Africa. THE APARTHEID CITYAND BEYONDU rbanization and Social Change inSouth Africaedited byDavid of Geography, Queen Mary andWestfield College, University of LondonLondon and New YorkWitwatersrand University PressFirst published 1992by Routledge11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4 EEThis edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005.

3 To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge scollection of thousands of eBooks please go to Simultaneously published in the USA and Canadaby Routledgea division of Routledge, Chapman and Hall, West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001 Published in the Republic of South Africaby Witwatersrand University Press1 Jan Smuts Avenue, Johannesburg 2001, South AfricaCopyright David rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted orreproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic,mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafterinvented, including photocopying and recording, or in anyinformation storage or retrieval system, without permission inwriting from the Library Cataloguing in Publication DataA catalogue record for this book isavailable from the British of Congress Cataloging in Publication DataThe APARTHEID city and BEYOND : urbanization and social change inSouth Africa/edited by David bibliographical references and urbanization South Africa.

4 2. Urban policy South APARTHEID South Africa. 4. South Africa Socialcondition 1961 , David Marshall, 1936 HT384. S6A63 0968 dc 20 91 39303 CIPISBN 0-203-41736-4 Master e-book ISBNISBN 0-203-72560-3 (Adobe eReader Format)ISBN 0-415-07601-3 (Print Edition)ISBN 0-415-07602-1 (pbk)South African ISBN: 1-86814-207-8 (pbk) Contents List of figures vii List of tables viii List of contributors ix Preface xi IntroductionDAVID 1 PART ONE Background 111 Dispossession, exploitation and struggle: anhistorical overview of South AfricanurbanizationALAN MABIN 122 Local and regional government: from rigidity tocrisis to fluxJEFF MCCARTHY 25 PART TWO Housing and community under APARTHEID 383 The APARTHEID state and Black housing strugglesDHIRU 404 State intervention in housing provision in the1980sSUSAN PARNELL 545 Class struggle over the built environment inJohannesburg s coloured areasMALCOLM LUPTON 666 The spatial impress of the central and localstates: the Group Areas Act in DurbanBRIJ MAHARAJ 767 The destruction of Clairwood: a case study onthe transformation of communal living spaceDIANNE SCOTT 898 Urban (mis)management?

5 A case study of theeffects of orderly urbanization on DuncanVillageCLAUDIA REINTGES 101 PART THREE Informal settlement 1139 Winterveld: an urban interface settlement onthe Pretoria metropolitan fringeANDR HORN, PHILLIP HATTINGH ANDJAN VERMAAK 11410 Khayelitsha: new settlement forms in the CapePeninsulaGILLIAN 12611 The road to Egoli : urbanization histories froma Johannesburg squatter settlementOWEN CRANKSHAW, GAVIN HERONAND TIMOTHY HART 13712 Informal settlement: theory versus practice inKwaZulu/NatalBRUCE BOADEN AND ROB TAYLOR 148 PART FOUR Servicing the cities 15913 The absorptive capacity of the informal sectorin the South African 16114 Travelling under 17315 Changing state policy and the Black taxiindustry in SowetoMESHACK 18316 The Regional Services Council debacle inDurbanUDESHTRA PILLAY 19417 Tourism and development needs in the Durbanregion 207vLINDA AND JOHN BUTLER-ADAM18 urbanization and health: evidence from 218 PART FIVE Towards a post- APARTHEID city 23019 The post- APARTHEID city : hopes, possibilities, andharsh 23220 urbanization and the South African city .

6 Amanifesto for changeDAVID DEWAR 24421 Post- APARTHEID housing policyPETER CORBETT 25622 Contradictions in the transition from urbanapartheid: barriers to gentrification inJohannesburgJONATHAN STEINBERG, PAUL VAN ZYLAND PATRICK BOND 26723 Turning grey : how Westville was wonKEYAN TOMASELLI AND RUTHTOMASELLI 28024 Power, space and the city : historical reflectionson APARTHEID and post- APARTHEID urban ordersJENNIFER ROBINSON 29325 Lessons from the Harare, Zimbabwe, 304 ConclusionDAVID 315 Index 319viList of figures1 South Africa s homelands and metropolitan areas Official housing shortage by race, 1982 7 State money allocated to housing by race, 1985 8 Proportion of housing units allocated to each race The coloured areas of Johannesburg The Technical Sub-Committee s race zoning proposals The Durban city Council s race zoning plans The 1958 Group Areas proclamations Municipal removal projects (1963 75)

7 And community-builtfacilities in southern Durban prior to removals Case study locations, in relation to East London and the Ciskei Divisions of Duncan Village The Pretoria urban system Dwelling densities in Klippan, 1961 and 1976 Khayelitsha, showing developments up to 1990 Proposed METROCOM (1980) and Pirn Goldby (1984)service boundaries for the Natal/KwaZulu region, with otheradministrative boundaries A graphic model of the APARTHEID city of South Africa The distribution of squatter shacks in the centralWitwatersrand, southern Transvaal and Vaal Triangle areas Simplified representation of land use in central Johannesburg Structural outlines of Salisbury, 1978 9 Transfer of dwellings from whites to blacks in Harare, 1979 85 311 List of Summary of National Housing Committee expenditure proportionsby race group and subsidy type.

8 1988 Housing subsidy allocations according to income First-time home owners interest subsidy scheme Occupations of coloured people in Johannesburg Potential densities of people per site at Reeston Summary of migration routes of Vlakfontein squatters Comparative modal percentage split by transport modes of travel inJohannesburg, Soweto, and nationally Infant mortality rates by income and population in Cape Town Child mortality in Cape Town per 1,000, 1982 Lung cancer mortality by race, 1983 7 Number of hospitals according to type and location, 1987 Estimated housing stock and population in the Durban FunctionalRegion, 1990 List of Professor of Human Geography and Head of theDepartment of Geography and Environmental Studies, University of Boaden Professor of Construction Management, Department ofConstruction Economics and Management, University of Cape Bond doctoral candidate, Johns Hopkins University; journalist,and consultant to the Johannesburg service organization Butler-Adam Professor and Director, Institute for Social andEconomic Research, University of Department of Community Health, University of CapeTown.

9 Vice President for International Affairs, National Medical andDental visiting fellow at Southampton University; previouslylectured at the University of Cape Corbett lecturer in economics, University of Natal, Durban;member of Durban city Crankshaw senior researcher, National Institute for PersonnelResearch, Human Sciences Research Professor of Geography, Department of Environmental andGeographical Sciences, University of Cape Dewar Director, School of Architecture and Planning, and UrbanProblems Research Unit, University of Cape Town; principal in planningconsulting associated with Department of Geography, University ofNatal, Pietermaritzburg; MA in geography, University of Natal, Hart a Director, National Institute for Personnel Research, HumanSciences Research Council; honorary lecturer, Department of Geographyand Environmental Studies, University of the Professor and Head of Department of Geography,University of Heron assistant researcher, National Institute for PersonnelResearch, Human Sciences Research lecturer in geography, University of completing doctorate at School of Geography,Oxford University.

10 MA in geography, University of the Lupton post graduate research in Department of Geographyand Environmental Studies, University of the Witwatersrand. Brij Maharaj senior lecturer in geography, University of Zululand, McCarthy Professor and Head of Department of Geography,University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg; previously Senior Manager, UrbanPolicy at the Urban Parnell lecturer in geogr